Housing Finance in Niger
Overview
This profile is also available in French here.
To download a pdf full version of the 2022 Niger country profile, click here.
Niger’s urbanisation rate is modest at 16.75%, but the urban population is projected to increase rapidly (4.5%) by 2023. Global warming, violence, political instability, and terrorism all have a role. There is an imbalance between housing supply and demand, resulting in the majority of houses being self-built and a rise in the slum population.
Between 2020 and 2021, gross domestic product (GDP) growth fell to 1.3%. 5 The low levels of agricultural production due to limited rainfall and the decline of 2.3% in per capita income as neighbouring countries have suspended cereal exports have left more than 10% of the population living with food insecurity. The increase in security spending and public spending has led to an increase in public spending and a larger fiscal deficit (3% of GDP). This deficit is financed by grants and loans with a moderate risk of over-indebtedness. Despite this, Niger’s economic growth rate is expected to accelerate to 6.9% in 2022. 7 Average annual inflation has risen from 2.9% in 2020 to 3.8% in 2021 and remains above the West African Monetary Union (WAEMU) standard.
The level of outstanding assets decreased by 11.58% from CFA 21.938 billion (US$34.82 million) at the end of March 2021 to CFA 19.397 billion in 2022. Currently, there are 37 microfinance institutions, excluding funds affiliated with networks. In 2022, the number of outstanding receivables rose from $18.02 million to $12.90 million.
It is anticipated that climate change will reduce annual GDP growth by up to 3 percent. Floods and droughts have cost Niger an average of CFA 40 billion ($63.49 million). At least 40 deaths have been attributed to flooding in Niger since June 2022.
Given its strategic position and population, Niger enjoys a natural advantage. A national policy for access to decent housing demonstrates the government’s dedication to enhancing the housing sector. The volume of mortgage loans has increased while the average interest rate on loans has decreased continuously. According to the Ministry of Hydraulics and Sanitation, less than half of Niger’s population has access to potable water.
Find out more information on the housing finance sector of Niger, including key stakeholders, important policies and housing affordability:
- Overview
- Access to Finance
- Affordability
- Housing Supply
- Property Markets
- Policy and Legislation
- Opportunities
- Availability of Data on Housing Finance
- Green Applications for Affordable Housing
- Websites
- Additional Sources
Each year, CAHF publishes its Housing Finance in Africa Yearbook. The profile above is from the 2022 edition, which has up-to-date profiles for 55 African countries.
Download yearbookNiger
Overview
Over 1.267 km2 in size, Niger is a large, landlocked country in North Africa located in the Sahel and Sahara, and as such is made up of mostly desert land (the Sahara Desert covers more than 80% of its area).1 The country had an estimated population of 25.13 million in 2022, with the majority of its population concentrated in the southern part of the country due to its milder climate and more favourable conditions for agriculture.2 The percentage of the population that is urbanised is low (16.75%) but the growth of the urban population is rapid (4.5% in 2021).3 This rapid urbanisation caused in part by the rural exodus, with climate change, violence, political insecurity and terrorism all playing a part. The country’s few urban centres are not being well-managed and developed to plan for and deal with the influx of people. Thus an imbalance exists between the supply and demand of housing, resulting in most housing being self-built and an increase in the slum population to 59%.4
Between 2020 and 2021, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth fell to 1.3%.5 The low levels of agricultural production due to limited rainfall and the decline of 2.3% in per capita income as neighbouring countries have suspended cereal exports, have left more than 10% of the population living with food insecurity. The number of extremely poor people increased from 9.8 million to 10.5 million in 2021. This number could reach 10.7 million in 2022 due to high population growth.6
Despite this, Niger’s economic growth rate is expected to accelerate to 6.9% in 2022.7 Average annual inflation has risen from 2.9% in 2020 to 3.8% in 2021, and remains above the West African Monetary Union (WAEMU) standard. Inflation is expected to remain high (5.1% in Q1 2022) due to persistent upward pressure on food prices exacerbated by the war in Ukraine.8 Public debt increased to 50.9% of GDP in 2021, compared to 43.6% in 2020, with a moderate risk of over-indebtedness.9 Covid-19 and the increase in security spending has led to an increase in public spending and larger fiscal deficit (3% of GDP). This deficit is financed by grants and loans which with debt levels of 50.9% of GDP already, make the country increasingly vulnerable.10The annual average exchange rate increased from CFA 553.23 for US$1 on 1 July 2021 to CFA 630.05 on 1 July 2022.
Niger is extremely vulnerable to climate change and prone to natural disasters including droughts, floods and locust invasions which all add to food insecurity. As the economy depends on the agropastoral sector, climate change is predicted to cause a loss of GDP growth of up to 3% per year.11 Niger has lost an average of CFA 40 billion (US$ 63.49 million) due to floods and droughts. Since June 2022, at least 40 deaths have been recorded from floods in Niger and more than 8 000 buildings collapsed due to poor construction.12
Access to Finance
Niger’s banking environment is made up of 20 credit institutions, including 14 banks and six financial institutions.13 Niger has 39 microfinance institutions. Pensions, insurance companies and capital markets remain very limited. Financial inclusion is low with only 6.76% of the adult population over the age of 15 having a bank account. Loans granted by microfinance institutions accounted for a small share of total credit. 14
The average lending interest rate on loans fell from 9.12% in 2016 to 8.15% in 2020.15 The bank base rate varies from one bank to another. The Banque de l’Habitat du Niger (BHN) and the Société Nigérienne de Banque (SONIBANK) offer the lowest interest rate on real estate loans at 6%. The maximum interest rate on residential mortgages is between 12.5% and 13.6%.16 Housing finance is very marginal within the banking system. The credit allocated to housing financing increased from CFA 14.2 billion (US$22.54 million) in 2013 to CFA 20 billion (US$31.74 million) in 2017, representing 4% of the total outstanding credit.17
The BRT offers real estate loans to its customers for a period of up to 30 years. Orabank Niger supports its clients’ real estate projects between CFA 3.0 million (US$4 762) and CFA 10.0 million (US$15 873) over 15 years with an interest rate of 7.75%. For a client to be eligible, he must have a mortgage guarantee, take out insurance, domicile his salary or credible income during the repayment period, hold a contract, make a mortgage registration, have a plan of the architect and present an estimate and description. Banque Of Africa Niger (BOA Niger) and Banque Atlantique Niger also offer medium- and long-term mortgages (20 years). The amount of the loan is determined according to the transferable proportion of the customer. This amount can reach 80 to 100% of the value of the property or the overall cost of construction.
In June 2022, the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) decided to raise the key rate from 2.00% to 2.25%, in order to boost economic growth.18 It is becoming increasingly important to be able to raise resources on the financial market, particularly in the case of housing. Recourse to the Caisse régionale de refinancement hypothécaire (CRRH-UEMOA) is necessary. Indeed, the long-term resources available under the banking system take the form of term deposits and equity.
In January 2022, Niger raised an amount of CFA 33 billion (US$ 52.39 million) of maturity 3 years on the WAMU financial market.19 On 24 May 2022, the State launched a bond issue by Public Call for Savings in the amount of CFA 100 billion (US$158.73 million) with an interest rate of 6.5% over a maturity of 12 years.20
In 2022, there are 37 microfinance institutions (MFIs) , apart from the funds affiliated to the networks. The level of outstanding assets increased from CFA 21.938 billion (US$34.82 million) at the end of March 2021 to CFA 19.397 billion (US$30.79 million) at the end of March 2022, a decrease of 11.58%. The number of outstanding receivables increased from CFA 11.35 billion (US$ 18.02 million) in 2021 to CFA 8.13 billion (US$ 12.90 million) in 2022.21
Affordability
The annual demand for housing in Niger is estimated at 40 000, including 5 000 in the capital, Niamey. The state’s strategic vision is to provide housing at a lower cost. The BRT was set up with a National Housing Fund to finance affordable housing. The supply of affordable housing by the government and the private sector remains insufficient and the bulk of housing stock is constructed through self-build.
The proportion of the population living below the national poverty line is extremely high (41% in 2022, a decrease from 41.8% in 2022). However, the number of poor households is expected to increase by 200 000 people in 2022 due to rapid population growth.22 The Gini index measured at 37.3% shows considerable inequality in the distribution of income across the population.23 In the non-agricultural sector, 89% of workers were in the informal sector in 2018.24 Only 22% of salaried workers have access to housing finance.25 To access a home through a mortgage, a ratio of the monthly payment to household income is applied on a case-by-case basis according to income. Ecobank offers a transferable proportion of 50% of income and Orabank Niger offers up to 60%. These loan conditions make affordable housing inaccessible to a large part of households.
According to the Regional Integrated Survey on Employment and the Informal Sector, the unemployment rate in Niger combined with underemployment related to working time is the highest (29.8%) in the WAEMU zone.26 Niger has set up the Financial Inclusion Development Fund (FDIF) for an amount of more than CFA 30 billion (US$ 47.62 million) for the financing of women and youth.27
Housing Supply
To fill the housing gap in Niger, the government has committed to building 25 000 social housing units over the 2016-2021 period.29 In 2022, the State, in partnership with real estate developers Africa Tech and Global Gate, is expected to deliver 1 550 homes in Niamey at a cost of CFA 17.6 billion (US$ 27.94 million).30 The National Institute of Statistics (INS) estimates the annual average housing construction to be 4 275 in Niamey, and 11 420 housing units for the urban environment in total. 95% of housing in the large cities are built informally.31
More recent data is not available, but in 2021 Niger had a housing stock of 2 419 116 housing units for 2 419 836 ordinary households, of which 17.9% were in urban areas. Traditional banco construction made up 54.7% of housing in urban areas, villas made up 15.7% of the housing stock and 9.9% of the housing stock were classified as huts.32
The proportion of the population with sustainable access to a source of drinking water improved over the 2014 to 2019 period, from 42.4% to 55.1%. This performance could be explained by the construction of major hydraulic works. In urban areas, 39 527 private connections, 544 standpipes and 595.90 km of pipes were built over the 5 year period reaching more than 667 270 people.33 Only 19.3% of the population has access to electricity.34 The price of a 50kg bag of cement amounts to CFA 5 200 (US$8.25) in 2022 compared to CFA 5 000 (US$7.94) in 2021.
Property Markets
The property market is weakened by the lack of funding for housing. Despite Law 2018-25 of 27 April 2018 on the fundamental principle of construction and housing, the issue of housing is still a concern for residents of urban centres.35
Land tenure comprises two main systems: the formal system and customary systems. Ordinance No. 93-015 of 2 March 1993 on the guiding principles of the Rural Code is the main text in land matters. According to article 4 of this ordinance, all Nigeriens can access land, without discrimination based on sex or social origin. Women can inherit when custom allows.36
Niger does have a program for physical and digital archiving of land documents. In addition, the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA-Niger) took the initiative, in 2020, to provide communal land commissions with technical means to improve the management of land, which is often a source of disputes and conflicts.37 Approximately 95% of households owning land do not have legally authenticated documents. Only 11.1% of owners (or co-owners) of their residential dwellings have a title or deed of ownership.38 At the national level, 77.1% of households are owners and 7% are renters. However, in urban areas, only 43.2% of households are owners, more than 30% are renters and 10.9% occupy family dwellings.39
The median cost per square meter of unserviced land in Niamey is CFA 20 000 (US$31.75) per square meter. Prices are currently higher at the Niamey centre. The rent price is about CFA 100 000 (US$158.73) for homes that meet certain standards. In Niamey, the average rent for a unit with bedroom and living room increased from CFA 40 000 (US$63.49) to CFA 50 000 (US$79.37) in 2022. The price of rent is continuously increasing and regulations are not enforced. 40 In the city centre, monthly rents vary between CFA 1.5 million (US$2.38) and CFA 3.0 million (US$476.15) for an apartment.41
According to World Bank Doing Business 2020, Niger is ranked 115th place for property registration. Registering a property comprises four procedures and takes 13 days, at a cost of 7.4% of the property value. The same report ranks Niger in 180th place with respect to the ease of obtaining building permits. That process entails 19 procedures and takes 98 days. The cost of building permits remains high, costing 32.4% of the property value.42
Policy and Legislation
The basis of the national housing policy is Law No. 98-54 of 29 December 1998.43 After defining the national housing policy, the government shows its willingness to fight against indecent living conditions. A national urban development strategy was developed and adopted in 2004. In October 2021, Niger set up a National Commission for Urban Planning and Housing, to rehabilitate the mechanism for urban development.
Decree No. 2022-488_PRN_MP of 10 June 2022, adopts the Economic and Social Development Plan (PDES) 2022/26. The PDES 2022/26 is the second five-year version of the Niger 2035 Sustainable Development and Inclusive Growth Strategy. 44
The purpose of Law No. 2001-32 of 31 December 2001 is to establish the legal framework for all interventions by the State and other actors resulting in the structuring, occupation and use of the national territory and its resources. Law No. 2008-03 of 30 April 2008 on the Orientation Law on Urban Planning and Land Development sets out the basic rules and procedures for urban planning and operational urban planning as well as the control of urban land use.45
Since 2014, the government has been working with real estate developers to increase housing supply. In December 2018, the State set up a National Housing Fund, domiciled in the BRT, to help lower social housing prices through interest rate subsidies, loan guarantees and the refinancing of housing loans.46
Ordinance No. 93-015 of 2 March 1993 on the guiding principles of the Rural Code emphasizes equal access to land without discrimination. According to custom, women usually access land by loan on family land. This access is not called into question in the event of the death of the head of the family or divorce.47
Opportunities
Niger enjoys a natural advantage given its strategic position and population. The measures taken by the public authorities and the development of the energy and agricultural sector are opportunities. Niger is among the world’s top 5 uranium-producing countries. Socio-economic infrastructure has been strengthened, including the Goroubanda power plant, the renovation of the international airport and some hotel complexes. Economic growth is expected to accelerate in 2022 and 2023 to 7.2%. Oil growth, which has been negative over the past two years, is expected to reach 20.6% in 2022 and 86.2% in 2023.48
The demand for housing is becoming more and more pressing. The volume of housing loans has increased and average interest rates on loans have continuously decreased. The government is signalling its commitment to improving the housing sector through a national policy for access to decent housing. The housing regulatory framework has allowed for an increase in the number of real estate developers. In 2020, Niger moved up in its ranking with the World Bank Ease of Doing Business index. In supporting the Government’s efforts and meeting the need for housing, the private sector also has a role to play.
Manufacturing of building supplies, mainly cement, is another area of opportunity. Faced with the growing demand for cement and a local production deficit, the largest cement plant in Niger was created in 2019, costing CFA 50 billion (US$79.37 million). With an estimated production capacity of more than 650 000 tons per year, or 80% of the national cement needs, the company offers 100% Nigerien cement of quality and at a competitive price.49
With respect to water issues, less than one in two inhabitants in Niger has access to drinking water. According to data from the Ministry of Hydraulics and Sanitation, in 2019, 42.7% of the urban population benefits from an optimal drinking water service, compared to 3.8% for rural populations. More investment in the water sector is becoming necessary. Yet, despite the vagaries of the climate, the COVID-19 health crisis and security instability, there are signs of resilience in the housing sector and its financing.
Availability of Data on Housing Finance
The National Institute of Statistics (INS) collects, produces, analyzes and disseminates information on the Nigerien economy and society. The INS conducted four General Population and Housing Censuses (RGPH) in 1977, 1988, 2001 and 2012. The fifth RGPH is scheduled for the end of 2022. The Survey on housing characteristics and living environment implemented by the INS presents information on housing but not on its financing. These NSI reports are available online. In addition, the BCEAO provides information on the conditions of bank financing of housing in WAEMU countries.
The Statistics Directorate of the Ministry of Urban Planning and Housing, created in 2006, has put in place a strategy to collect data on urban development, decent housing coverage, sanitation of the living environment, and improvement of the regulatory framework. However the lack of reliable, detailed and up-to-date data on the housing market is a barrier to financing. Data should be regularly collected on housing and the housing finance market, which would serve as a basis for the formulation of sound policies.
Green Applications for Affordable Housing
Faced with an austere natural environment, Niger has recently strengthened its institutional and strategic framework to combat environmental degradation and the effects of climate change. In 2021, the measures taken improved the country’s scores for Sustainable Development Goal 13 on climate change; in particular, by promoting the conservation, substitution and saving of energy from wood, and solar/thermal hybridization, Niger was able to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions caused by biomass. 50 Biomass accounts for 67% of energy production, while natural gas and solar account for 1% of energy production. Crude oil accounts for 29% of national production. 51
In 2021, the government mobilized CFA 17.685 billion (US$1.4 billion) for the construction of a control center of the country’s electricity networks. Niger aims to achieve a national electrification rate of 100% by 2035.52 Regarding green construction, the startup EcoHouse Niger manufactures durable and thermal solid ecological bricks at an affordable price.53 Nigerien students have initiated a Niger-Green project that enhances natural resources while facilitating access to renewable energies, in particular by manufacturing ecological coal.54
In urban areas, 48.4% of the population have access to electricity in 2020, compared to only 19.3% of the population countrywide.55 Access to basic water services was 46.3%, while 27% of households benefited from access to basic sanitation services in 2020.
Websites
Bank of Central African States (BEAC) www.beac.int/
Banque de l’Habitat du Niger (BHN) www.bhn.ne
BOA Niger www.boaniger.com
Jumia www.jumia.ne
National Institute of Statistics (INS) www.stat-niger.org
Orabank Niger www.orabank.net/
SONIBANK www.sonibank.com
Additional Sources
- Country Meters (2022). Niger Population. https://fr.countryeconomy.com/pays/niger
(Accessed 19 August 2022).
- World Bank (202). Niger. Country Summary. Climate Change Knowledge Portal. https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/niger (Accessed 12 October 2022).
- World Bank (2022). Urban population Niger. https://donnees.banquemondiale.org/indicator/EN.POP.SLUM.UR.ZS?locations=NE
(Accessed 29 August 2022).
- BCEAO (2022). Report on monetary policy in WAMU. https://www.bceao.int/sites/default/files/2022-06/Rapport%20sur%20la%20politique%20mone%CC%81taire_juin-2022%20.pdf
(Accessed 28 August 2022). Pg. 26.
- World Bank (2022). Update of the economic situation in Niger. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099610005092224882/pdf/P177254056ff830c10ae62097814d378252.pdf (Accessed 28 August 2022). Pg. 9.
- See footnote 5.
- See footnote 5. Pg. 36.
- African Development Bank Group (2022). Economic Outlook for Niger. https://www.afdb.org/fr/countries/west-africa/niger/niger-economic-outlook
(Accessed 27 August 2022).
- World Bank (2022). Niger. Country Overview. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/niger/overview (Accessed 12 October 2022).
- See footnote 9.
- DW (2022). https://www.dw.com/fr/niger-inondations-urbanisme/a-62902381
(Accessed 28 August 2022).
- BCEAO (2022). Banking landscape. https://www.bceao.int/fr/content/paysage-bancaire (Accessed 21 August 2022).
- UMOA-Titres (2020). Information note Republic of Niger. Presentation of WAEMU sovereign issuers. September 2020.
https://www.umoatitres.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Note-dinformation-Niger-2020-1.pdf (Accessed 25 August 2021). Pg. 32.
- BCEAO (2021). Bank Conditions Report 2020. https://www.bceao.int/fr/publications/rapport-sur-les-conditions-de-banque-dans-luemoa-2020 (Accessed 24 July 2021). 32.
- BCEAO (2021). Bank conditions Report June 2021. Pg.3.
- New African (2022). The BRT faces the need for social housing. https://magazinedelafrique.com/african-banker/activites-bancaires/la-bhn-face-aux-besoins-de-logements-sociaux/ (Accessed 21 August 2022).
- See footnote 5. Pg. 11.
- Financial Afri (2022). Finance. https://www.financialafrik.com/2022/01/27/niger-33-milliards-de-fcfa-dobligations-du-tresor-leves-sur-le-marche-financier-de-lumoa/ (Accessed 25 August 2022).
- Financial Afrik (2022). Scholarships and markets. https://www.financialafrik.com/2022/05/26/emprunt-obligataire-le-niger-a-la-recherche-de-100-milliards-sur-le-marche-financier-de-luemoa/ (Accessed 25 August 2022).
- BCEAO (2021). WaMU DFS Indicators as of March 31, 2021. https://www.bceao.int/sites/default/files/2022-08/BCEAO%20-%20Indicateurs%20des%20SFD%20au%2031%20mars%202022.pdf (Accessed 25 August 2021). Pg. 1.
- See footnote 6. Pg.6.
- World Bank (2022). Gini Niger Index. https://donneebanquemondiale.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=NE (Accessed 29 August 2022).
- AFRISTAT (2019). Integrated regional survey on employment and the informal sector. Regional synthesis in WAEMU 2017/18. https://afristat.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/APA13_ERI-ESI.pdf (Accessed 28 August 2022). 6.
- See footnote 17.
- See footnote 24. Pg. 5.
- Office National d’Edition et de Presse (2022). Launch of FIDF activities. https://www.lesahel.org/lancement-officiel-des-activites-du-fonds-de-developpement-de-linclusion-financiere-fdif-pour-ameliorer-les-conditions-de-vie-des-populations-vulnerables/ (Accessed 28 August 2022).
- National Institute of Statistics (2022). Emergence of a middle class and reduction of inequalities. https://www.stat-niger.org/wp-content/uploads/rapport_etudes/Rapport_Classe_Moyenne_final.pdf (Accessed 29 August 2022). Pg. 54.
- Xinhua News Agency (2016). Niger: construction of 25,000 social housing units by 2021. http://french.china.org.cn/foreign/txt/2016-07/17/content_38901442.htm (Accessed 27 August 2022).
- Sika finance (2019). Social housing in Niamey. https://www.sikafinance.com/marches/niger-17-6-milliards-fcfa-pour-1-550-logements-sociaux-a-niamey_17401 (Accessed 27 August 2022).
- See footnote 17.
- E INS (2012). Report on habitat characteristics and living environment. https://www.stat-niger.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/CaracteristiquesHabitat_Cadre2Vie.pdf (Accessed 25 August 2022). Pgs. 33-34.
- Ministry of Planning (2021). Third voluntary national report on the Sustainable Development Goals. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282722021_VNR_Report_Niger.pdf (Accessed 29 August 2022). Pg.
- World Bank (2022). Access to electricity. Urban area Niger. https://donnees.banquemondiale.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?locations=NE (Accessed 29 August 2022).
- Studio kalangou (2022). Rent problem in Niamey. https://www.studiokalangou.org/66347-probleme-loyer-niamey-comment-faire-face (Accessed 25 August 2022).
- National Network of Chambers of Agriculture of Niger. Women’s and young people’s access to land. https://reca-niger.org/IMG/pdf/2016-01_Droit_foncier_des_femmes.pdf (Accessed 26 August 2022). Pg. 2.
- MCA-Niger. (2020). https://www.mcaniger.ne/2020/12/14/mca-niger-forme-les-commissions-foncieres-communales-en-gestion-et-darchivage-des-documents/ (Accessed 26 August 2022).
- Ministry of Planning (2021). Third voluntary national report on the Sustainable Development Goals. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/282722021_VNR_Report_Niger.pdf (Accessed 29 August 2022). Pg.
- INS (2012). Report on habitat characteristics and living environment. https://www.stat-niger.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/CaracteristiquesHabitat_Cadre2Vie.pdf (Accessed 25 August 2022). 38-39.
- See footnote 35.
- Rent price per month. https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Niamey-Niger (Accessed 29 August 2022).
- World Bank (2020). Doing business 2020: Niger Economy Profile. https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/country/n/niger/NER.pdf (Accessed 27 August 2022). Pgs. 10-20.
- See footnote 39. Pg. 20.
- Ministry of Finance. (2022). Adoption of a new Economic and Social Development Plan 2022/26. http://www.finances.gouv.ne/index.php/une/879-adoption-du-plan-de-developpement-economique-et-social-pdes-2022-2026
- INS (2012). Report on habitat characteristics and living environment. https://www.stat-niger.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/CaracteristiquesHabitat_Cadre2Vie.pdf (Accessed 25 August 2022). Pg. 22.
- See footnote 17.
- National Network of Chambers of Agriculture of Niger. Women’s and young people’s access to land. https://reca-niger.org/IMG/pdf/2016-01_Droit_foncier_des_femmes.pdf (Accessed 26 August 2022). Pg. 1.
- See footnote 9.
- Xinhua (2019). http://french.xinhuanet.com/2019-03/21/c_137910738.htm (Accessed 28 August 2022).
- See footnote 9.
- Institut de la Francophonie pour le Développement Durable. (2019). Key figures for energy in Niger. https://www.ifdd.francophonie.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Rapport-2019_SIE_UEMOA_Chiffres_Cles_NIGER_web.pdf (Accessed 29 August 2022). Pg. 4.
- Ouestaf (2021). Energy Niger. https://www.ouestaf.com/energie-niger-un-centre-de-controle-pour-la-gestion-des-reseaux-electriques/ (Accessed 28 August 2022).
- EcoHouse Niger (2022). Real estate construction and sale of ecological bricks. https://m.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100063691226728&_rdr (Accessed 28 August 2022).
- Ecofin Agency (2022). Undertake. https://www.agenceecofin.com/entreprendre/2901-73285-niger-des-etudiants-se-lancent-dans-la-fabrication-de-charbon-ecologique (Accessed 28 August 2022).
- World Bank (2022). Access to electricity. Urban area Niger. https://donnees.banquemondiale.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.UR.ZS?locations=NE (Accessed 29 August 2022).
