Cameroon had a population of 27.9 million in 2022.¹ A country bordering the Central African Republic, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria and Chad, it is facing instability, particularly in the northwest and southwest of the country, which accentuates the displacement of internal and external populations from Nigeria and the Central African Republic (478 680 people in January 2024).² Governed for more than 40 years by President Paul Biya, Cameroon will hold the next presidential elections in 2025.

Cameroon is a member of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC), which had an average annual growth of 3% in 2022.³ This growth was driven in particular by Cameroon, which provided 45% of CEMAC GDP in 2021.⁴ In 2023, the economic growth rate recorded in the country was 3.8% and is expected to reach 4.1% in 2024 and 4.5% in 2025, particularly driven by the forestry and services sectors.⁵ Also, public debt has fallen from 45.3% of GDP in 2022 to 41.8% in 2023 and is expected to fall to 39% in 2024 and 36% in 2025.⁶ The risk of debt nevertheless remains high.⁷ This highlights the need for enhanced fiscal security for better resilience to the effects of exogenous shocks (climate change, lower commodity prices, health crisis, effects of geopolitical tensions, etc.).

Nonetheless, the country had to deal with high annual inflation of 7.3% in 2023, ⁸ driven by the increase in food prices (11% in 2023),⁹ which accentuates the precariousness of households. According to the latest Cameroonian household survey published in April 2024, between 2014 and 2021, the poverty rate rose from 37.5% to 38.6%, and it almost doubled over the same period in urban areas, from 8.9% to 16.5%.¹⁰ Thus, “nearly two out of five people, or 37.7%, live below the national poverty line estimated at CFA813 (US$1.33) per person per day” in 2022.¹¹

Cameroon is also one of the most urbanised countries in the sub-region, with 60% of the population residing in urban areas (16.9 million inhabitants)¹² and an annual urban population growth of 3.6% in 2023.^{13, 14} In 2020, 32.7% of the urban population lived in slums, a rate that remains significant despite the 9.8 percentage point decline since 2000.¹⁵ In Cameroon, slums cover more than 65% of urban areas.¹⁶ The proportion of households living in decent housing was estimated at 50% in 2020 and is expected to reach 60% in 2025.¹⁷ The need for affordable and accessible housing and infrastructure is growing for the entire population of Cameroon, and particularly in urban areas.

The key challenges the country faces in financing this rapid urbanisation include, among others, the lack of adequate partnerships, limited mobilisation of public resources¹⁸ and a high corruption perception index that places the country in 140th place out of 180 countries in 2023 and slows down investment.¹⁹

Due to Cameroon’s membership of the CEMAC, the financial supervision of credit activities is conducted by the Central Bank of East African States (BEAC) and the Banking Commission of Central African States (COBAC).²⁰ Cameroon has access to a unified sub-regional stock market whose activities are carried out under the supervision of the Central African Financial Market Supervisory Commission (COSUMAF). Financial inclusion in Cameroon is low. In 2024, 11% of Cameroonian adults have a bank account compared to 44% in sub-Saharan Africa.²¹ When including mobile money and prepaid card accounts, this rate increases very slightly (45.7%). In 2022,more than 1.8 million accounts were registered with microfinance institutions.²²

In 2022, Cameroon’s financial system included 17 banks,²³ seven financial institutions,²⁴ 305 microfinance institutions,²⁵ as well as 27 insurance companies.²⁶ The total volume of the banking sector in 2022 was CFA9 372 billion (US$15.3 billion) with a registered deposit volume of CFA7 271 billion (US$11.9 billion) and a credit volume of CFA4 868 billion (US$7.9 billion).²⁷ Banks mainly lend to individuals and private companies, which receive 78.25% of the loans allocated. Between January and December 2023, outstanding deposits increased by CFA723 billion (US$1.2 billion).²⁸ The year 2022 was marked by a high rate of nonperforming loans that reached 13.4%²⁹ in banks and 17.1%³⁰ in microfinance institutions.

The Cameroonian banking sector remains concentrated between the country’s two largest banks (Afriland First Bank and Société Générale), which together hold 37.58% of outstanding loans and the majority of savers’ deposits.³¹ The Cameroonian government plans to privatise the Commercial Bank Cameroon in 2024.³² A 19th bank, the Africa Golden Bank, which received its license in 2024, will soon join the banking landscape. The country’s offering objective is to have 30 banks in the country by 2030 to diversify the financial offering.³³

Crédit Foncier du Cameroun (CFC) remains the main housing finance institution in Cameroon. The CFC is a public housing bank that grants three different types of loans:the “classic land loan”,the “rental land loan” and the “land promotion loan”. The classic land loan is intended for employees, which are on a permanent contract (CDI) for at least two years. The interest rate varies between 3.75% and 6% including all taxes (TTC) and the term cannot exceed 30 years.³⁴ The rental land loan targets developers and differentiates between ordinary or social loans, with latter qualifying for a lower interest rate.³⁵ Finally, the land promotion loans are real estate development loans that partly meet social criteria determined by the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing (MINDHU). ³⁶ No loan exists for individuals without a permanent contract, which excludes the majority of the population, especially low income households.

In 2022, total loans granted remain low with the CFC granting 317 loans at a volume of CFA14.5 billion (US$23.8 million).³⁷ Between 1977 and 2018, only CFA420 billion (US$688.4 million) was loaned, which made it possible to build 85 000 housing units and acquire 16 342 plots of land. ^{38, 39}

The informal sector alone still accounts for 90% of workers in Cameroon.⁴⁰ The unemployment rate is estimated at 3.7% of the total population in 2023.⁴¹ It is higher among young people (7% of the population aged 15 to 24),thus highlighting a large segment of the population without income.⁴² These residents do not have evidence of formal and stable incomes, and therefore do not have access to financing offered by commercial banks. In addition, between June 2023 and May 2024, the prices of housing, water, gas and other fuels increased by 3.5%, which contributes to the precariousness of households.⁴³ The cheapest house is sold for CFA17 million (US$27 867) or rented for CFA50 000 (US$82) per month.⁴⁴

These amounts remain difficult to access in light of the Guaranteed Interprofessional Minimum Wage (SMIG) established at CFA45 000 (US$73.77) per month for workers in the agricultural sector and CFA60 000 (US$98.36) per month for all other professions since March 2023. This minimum wage was increased by 5% for state employees in February 2024, from CFA41 865 (US$68.63) to CFA43 969 (US$72.08) per month.⁴⁵ In addition, family allowances for public sector workers have been increased by 60% in response to fuel price spikes.⁴⁶ In 2020, the acquisition of a four room house of 100m2 or five room house of 130m2, valued at CFA18 million (US$29 507) and CFA23 million (US$37 703) respectively,⁴⁷ requires a salary at least five times higher than the median income estimated at CFA1 200 (US$1.97) per day, or at least CFA180 000 (US$295.07) per month.⁴⁸

The construction of social housing built by the state is estimated at a cost of CFA175 000/m2 (US$287).⁴⁹ A construction project on individual plots of land with an area of between 150m2 and 300m2 would therefore cost at least CFA26 250 000 (US$43 030).⁵⁰ Additional costs borne by private developers, particularly concerning land and roads and various networks (VRD), are reflected in the final price of housing.

In Cameroon, although 90% of the population is served by the water distribution network, only 25% of urban households benefit from an individual connection.⁵¹ In 2024, four out of five people now have access to an “improved source of drinking water”, whether during the dry season (81.9%) or the rainy season (80.6%), compared to 76.7% in 2014.⁵² Precarious neighbourhoods are struggling to access the electricity grid, with 60.2% of the national population having access to electricity, compared to 58.4% in 2014. Also, improvements have been observed in terms of access to improved and non-shared sanitation facilities: 47.7% of the population benefited from them in 2022 compared to 40.4% in 2014. Finally, only 39.4% of the population disposes of their household waste through a waste collection service.⁵³ Overall, in larger cities, there is a higher proportion of tenants (54.5% in Douala and 58.7% in Yaoundé).⁵⁴

The high cost of land is another factor hindering housing affordability in Cameroon’s urban areas. In 2023,the price of land in the city of Cameroon varied between CFA22000/m2 (US$36.06) in the city of Yaoundé⁵⁵ and CFA1 000 000/m2 (US$1 639) in most affluent neighbourhoods of Douala.⁵⁶ For a 100m2 plot of land,⁵⁷ land would therefore cost between CFA2 200 000 (US$3 606) and CFA100 000 000 (US$163 926), which remains inaccessible for households living with a minimum wage. Households pay an average of nearly CFA7 000 (US$1 147) per m2 in urban areas and CFA2 000 (US$3.28) per m2 in rural areas for developed or undeveloped land.⁵⁸

The rapid growth of the urban population, dilapidation and overcrowding are fuelling the high demand for residential real estate.⁵⁹ The housing deficit is estimated at a total of between 1.8 and 2 million housing units, with an annual demand for 300 000 units. Every year, 150 000 housing units are made available, leaving 150 000 applications unfilled.⁶⁰ Since 2009, the state has embarked on a programme to build 10 000 social housing units and make available 50 000 plots to be serviced in 10 regional capitals, six university and industrial cities and in six departmental capitals, implemented by MINDHU and SIC, the country’s main housing production operator.

⁶¹ This project, which is currently being implemented, recorded an execution rate of 25% as of 31 March 2023, for an amount of CFA43 billion (US$70.48 million) and 4 000 housing units built in 2023. The first phase currently underway includes 1 224 housing units, including 224 social housing units, and facilities on a total area of 16 ha. At this stage, no housing allocation has been made.⁶² The second phase will build 9 000 housing units by the end of 2026.⁶³ In December 2023, the Prime Minister announced the construction of 550 new housing units in Yaoundé and Douala, including 175 housing units to be built as part of the partnership with the Italian firm Pizzarotti.⁶⁴

In 2021, MINDHU signed a major agreement with Shelter Afrique to build 3 000 decent affordable housing units and create a joint stock company, between the Société Immobilière du Cameroun (SIC) and Shelter Afrique, called Industrial Housing Corporation (IHC) with a start-up capital of CFA8.5 billion (US$13.9 million). This company will carry out the implementation of social housing programmes and the creation of a factory to produce construction materials and equipment, although progress remains unknown.⁶⁵

The Special Fund for Equipment and Intercommunal Intervention (FEICOM), the Association of United Municipalities and Cities of Cameroon (CVUC), and the Crédit Foncier du Cameroun, signed a partnership agreement in 2013 for the implementation of a Municipal Cities Construction Programme (PCCM). This programme mobilises CFA30 billion (US$49.1) for the construction of 981 housing units in 46 municipalities. To date, 81 housing units have been built and CFA6.7 billion (US$10.9 million) has been loaned at a rate of 4% to about twenty municipalities in 2021.⁶⁶

The housing deficit and the precariousness of households have encouraged the emergence of informal housing,⁶⁷ with most households opting for selfconstruction (97% of housing).⁶⁸ In this context, the state, through the Mission for the Development and Equipment of Urban and Rural Land (MAETUR), makes land available to households wishing to build their own housing in the cities of Yaoundé and Douala. These plots, whose price is set at CFA10 000/m2 (US$16.39/m2), must be developed within three years.⁶⁹

The difficulties related to access to and securing titled land⁷⁰ remain real obstacles hindering investment in real estate, and by extension the supply of housing.⁷¹ In 2023, Cameroon ranks 112th out of 125 countries globally, and 20th out of 30 countries regionally, in the International Property Rights Index.⁷² Also, in 2020 Cameroon ranked 154th out of 190 in terms of ease of obtaining a building permit with an estimated number of 16 procedures (compared to 15.1 for Sub-Saharan Africa), a delay of 126 days (145.4 days for Sub-Saharan Africa) and a cost estimated at 17.6% of the value of the property (8.9% for Sub-Saharan Africa).⁷³

Finally, the increased use of local building materials, resulting in a reduction in construction costs, aims to strengthen the supply of housing by the State. A Mission for the Promotion of Local Materials (MIPROMALO) has been set up for this purpose. In Yaoundé, a construction project using local materials by MIPROMALO involves 120 housing units.⁷⁴ The fourth Cameroon Household Survey (ECAM 4) reveals that 49% of housing is built with permanent materials, 34% with semi-final materials and 17.3% with provisional materials.⁷⁵

Only 29% of owners hold a title with a building permit, while more than 70% do not have one (60% in urban areas and 84.6% in rural areas).⁷⁶ The number of land titles issued by direct registration increased from 5 120 in 2016 to 9 797 in 2021, of which 56.03% were for men, 27.2% for women and 16.77% for local authorities.⁷⁷

Major actions have been initiated to reduce dysfunctions and improve land governance. These include, among others, the creation of one-stop shops⁷⁸ for the facilitation of land transactions through simplified procedures and reduced costs and delays.⁷⁹ Also, the Cameroonian government has implemented a Land Reserve Constituency Programme (PROCOREF) aimed at increasing the volume of land to be offered for the realisation of public development projects, and those initiated by private developers. To date, about 900 000 ha of land reserves have been established by the state across the country.⁸⁰

In addition, a Support Project for the Modernisation of the Cadastre and the Business Climate (PAMOCCA) is being carried out, which should make it possible to carry out 10 000 land titles per year, 5% of which will be issued to women, within six months, with an increase in land revenues of CFA12 billion.⁸¹Despite these advances, the transfer of property in Cameroon remains a long and expensive procedure. TheWorld Bank’s 2020 Doing Business ranking for property transfers ranks Cameroon 175th (out of 190 economies), with an estimated number of five procedures (6.1 for Sub-Saharan Africa), a delay of 81 days (51.6 days for Sub-Saharan Africa) and a cost estimated at 13.7% of the value of the property (7.3% for Sub-Saharan Africa).⁸²

In the Cameroonian real estate market, there were 258 approved real estate developers, 62 real estate agents and 25 accredited condominium syndicates in 2022.⁸³ However, few developers are actually active in the sector. In addition, due to the high unemployment rate and an increased demand for housing, especially in urban areas, the number of informal real estate agents is growing exponentially.⁸⁴

The country has a body of legislation and regulations presented in the Infrastructure Development Strategy 2020-2030 – enabling it to carry out the sector’s development policies.⁸⁵ These include Laws No. 2004/003 of 21 April 2004 governing urban planning and No. 97/003 of 10 January 1997 on real estate development in Cameroon, as well as Order No. 0009/MINHDU of 21 August 2008 setting social housing standards. At the same time, the Urban Planning and Construction Code is being updated.

Cameroon is facing a significant housing deficit, which must be urgently addressed. The country benefits from all the necessary and relevant institutions for the[41] implementation of a massive affordable housing policy, namely: a dedicated ministry (MINDHU), a public developer (MAETUR), a housing bank (CFC), a public/private developer (SIC), a federal structure of cities and municipalities (CVUC) and a special investment fund at the municipal level (FEICOM). Formerly under the leadership of the same ministry, the MAETUR – CFC – SIC trio carried out largescale social housing projects for low- and middle-income populations in the 1990s. Working today under the responsibility of two ministries: MINDHU and MINDCAF, these structures are struggling to effectively carry out massive housing projects. In addition, there are issues of land regularisation and tenure security to allow investors to make a confident and long-term commitment to the production of housing in Cameroon.

The financing of the CFC is insufficient in view of the scale of the deficit and the technical and financial support needs of the most precarious households for access to housing financing. The number of precarious households continues to grow in view of the increase in inflation, natural disasters (landslides, floods) and armed conflicts that push families to leave their villages to migrate to the south of the country. These families live mainly in precarious and informal neighbourhoods, whose areas are unsuitable for habitation, and where every year tragedies occur, especially during the rainy season.

It is becoming necessary and urgent to consider the socio-economic support of these vulnerable families, through programmes dedicated to the production of truly social housing but also to urban restructuring in situ, for the improvement of housing and living conditions. Several civil society organisations support these initiatives, which should be scaled up. Among them is the Assoal association, which supports the organisation and structuring of groups of residents into housing cooperatives, to allow them to collectively access land and property ownership at a lower cost. An awareness-raising, communication and training component supports this dynamic to enable families to develop their own inclusive housing financing adapted to their socio-economic characteristics.

The National Institute of Statistics (INS), the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MINADER) and the MINHDU are the main institutions for collecting and managing data on housing finance. In addition, since 2016, MINDCAF has developed a single digital database for rational land management. In the second quarter of 2024, the first results of the Cameroon Household Survey 5 (ECAM5) provide up-todate data for the analysis. CEMAC annual financial reports are a valuable resource for benefiting from reliable banking data; however, the data is not sufficiently detailed (disaggregation by sex and type of credit) for a close analysis of access to finance.

Crédit Foncier du Cameroun (CFC):
www.creditfoncier.cm

Cameroon Real Estate Company (SIC):
www.sic.cm

National Institute of Statistics (INS):
www.ins-cameroun.cm

Ministry of Housing and Urban Development (MINHDU):
www.minhdu.gov.cm

Mission for the Development and Equipment of Urban and Rural Land
(MAETUR):
www.maetur-cameroun.com

Association of United Municipalities and Cities of Cameroon (CVUC):
https://cvuc-uccc.com/

Mission for the Promotion of Local Materials (MIPROMALO):
https://mipromalo.cm/index.php/fr/

Cameroon Palm Grove Company (SOCAPALM):
https://socapalm.com/

1. World Bank. (2022). Number of inhabitants, Cameroon.
2. World Bank. (2024). Number of Refugees, Cameroon.
3. World Bank Group (2022). CEMAC Economic Barometer.
4. Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industrial and Digital Sovereignty (2021). https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Pays/CM/indicateurs-et-conjoncture# (Accessed 4 July 2024).
5. African Development Bank (2024).African Economic Outlook 2024, Driving Africa’s Transformation through Global Financial Architecture Reform. Pg. 229.
6. Bpifrance (2024). Public debt, Cameroon. https://tinyurl.com/nk7xj5k5 (Accessed 4 July 2024). Pg. 4.
7. See footnote 5.
8. African Development Bank (2023). Inflation, Cameroon.
9. See footnote 5.
10. National Institute of Statistics (2024). Results of the 5th Cameroon Household Survey (ECAM5). Pg. 2.
11. See footnote 10. Pg. 1.
12.  Manual calculation (16.9 million urban / 27.9 million inhabitants)*100
13. World Bank (2023).Annual Urban Population Growth, Cameroon.
14. World Bank (2022). Country Diagnosis on the Private Sector: Creating Markets in Cameroon, Unleashing Private Sector Growth. Pg. 79.
15. World Bank (2023).World Development Indicators. Population living in slums (% urban population). Cameroon.
16. World Bank (2023). Macroeconomic Poverty Outlook, Cameroon. Pg. 41.
17. Ministry of the Economy, Planning and Development (2020). National Development Strategy 2020-2030: For StructuralTransformation and Inclusive Development. Pg. 157.
18. World Bank (2023). Macroeconomic Poverty Outlook, Cameroon. Pg. 2.
19. World Bank (2023). Overview, Cameroon.
20. COBAC is a banking supervisory body in terms of governance and compliance with prudential standards. Its backing to the BEAC aims to ensure the stability of the banking system.
21. See footnote 6. Pg. 3.
22. See footnote 21. Pg. 82.
23. Financial Stability Committee in Central Africa (2022). Financial Stability Review in Central Africa. Pg. 79.
24. Directorate-General for theTreasury, Financial and Monetary Cooperation (2022). Updated list of credit institutions approved in Cameroon. https://dgtcfm.cm/secteur-financier/liste-des-etablissements-de-credit-enactivite/ (Accessed 5 July 2024).
25. See footnote 21. Pg. 81.
26. See footnote 21. Pg. 83.
27. See footnote 21. Pg. 80.
28. Malloum,A. (2024). Cameroon: mapping of banking activity in 2023. 25 March 2024. Ecomatin. https://ecomatin.net/cameroun-cartographie-de-lactivite-bancaire-en-2023 (Accessed 5 July 2024).
29. See footnote 21. Pg. 80.
30. See footnote 21. Pg. 83.
31. See footnote 26.
32. See footnote 6. Pg. 3.
33. See footnote 26.
34. Crédit foncier du Cameroun. Classic land loan. https://www.creditfoncier.cm/fr/produits-prets/pret-foncierclassique.html (Accessed 5 July 2024).
35. Crédit foncier du Cameroun. Social rental land loan.
36. Crédit foncier du Cameroun. Ordinary land promo loan.
37. Mbodiam, B.R. (2024). Real estate: the Cameroon Land Credit injected 14.5 billion CFA francs into housing financing in 2022. 15 January 2024. Invest in Cameroon.
38. SG (2023). Bankers want to make real estate financing in Cameroon more attractive. 22 November 2023. Invest in Cameroon.
39. See footnote 38.
40. World Bank Group (2012). Cameroon: Rethinking the Informal Sector to Meet the Challenge of Full Employment. 21 February 2012.World Bank Group.
41. African Development Bank (2023). Unemployment rate, Cameroon. https://www.afdb.org/fr/countries/centralafrica/cameroon/cameroon-economic-outlook (Accessed 5 July 2024).
42. See footnote 38.
43. National Institute of Statistics (2024). Note on the evolution of household final consumer prices in Cameroon in May 2024. Pg. 3.
44. World Bank (2020). Housing Finance in Cameroon:Towards Affordable Housing for All. 15 April 2020. Pg. 27.
45. Ngono, B. (2024). Cameroon: the government increases the Guaranteed Interprofessional Minimum Wage (Smig) by 5%. 25 February 2024. Ecomatin.
46. Olomo, D.B. (2024). Cameroon: Family allowances and salaries increased in the face of rising fuel prices. 23 February 2024. RFI.
47. A 4-room dwelling contains a living room and three bedrooms, in addition to a kitchen, a bathroom and a toilet.
48. See footnote 45. Pg. 72.
49. See footnote 45. Pg. 31.
50. Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. Decision No. 0009 setting social housing standards. Pg. 3.
51. See footnote 45. Pg. 69.
52. See footnote 10. Pg. 2.
53. Ibid.
54. Urban Agenda Platform (2023). NationalVoluntary Review Report on the Implementation of SDG 11 and the New Urban Agenda in Cameroon: October 2016 – April 2022. Pg. 39.
55. Jumia Deals (2023).Titled land for sale in Messassi. https://www.jumia.cm/terrain-titr-vendre-messassi–pid 15350725 (Accessed 12 October 2023).
56. Jumia Deals (2023). Plot for sale Bonapriso. https://www.jumia.cm/terrain-vendre-bonapriso-pid15303871 (Accessed 12 October 2023).
57. See footnote 55. Pg. 34.
58. Ibid.
59. World Bank (2023). Urban population growth (% annual), Cameroon.
60. Africa Innovation Network. (2024). Urban restructuring and new towns. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxZNNaDowN0 (Accessed 5 July 2024).
61. MINDHU. Social housing. https://www.minhdu.gov.cm/programmes/logements-sociaux-2/# (Accessed 5 July 2024).
62. Phone interview with Kessel Kezebo, Project Manager, MAETUR, 17 July 2024, Dakar, Senegal.
63. CJ. (2023). 10,000 housing project: phase 1 has already swallowed up 43 billion CFA francs for an implementation rate of 25%. 16 May 2023. Invest in Cameroon.
64. FN (2023). Housing: in 2024, the State of Cameroon plans to build 550 new housing units in Douala and Yaoundé. 7 December 2023. Invest in Cameroon.
65. Eyango, J.O. (2022). Cameroon/Shelter Afrique: the project of 3000 social housing units in oblivion. 12 June 2022. Invest in Cameroon.
66. FEICOM (2024).The Municipal Cities Construction Program (PCCM). https://feicom.cm/nos-programmes/pccm/ (Accessed July 5 2024).
67. See footnote 45. Pg. 71.
68. World Bank (2022). Country Diagnosis on the Private Sector: Creating Markets in Cameroon – Unleashing Private Sector Growth. 20 February 2023.
69. See footnote 45. Pg. 20.
70. Land disputes due to the existence of several titles for the same land, risk of revocation of titles, etc.
71. See footnote 45. Pg. 11.
72. Property Rights Alliance. International Property Rights Index 2023. https://www.internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/country/cameroon (Accessed 5 July 2024).
73. World Bank (2020). Doing Business 2020: Cameroon. https://archive.doingbusiness.org/fr/data/exploreeconomies/cameroon#DB_rp (Accessed 5 September 2024).
74. See footnote 55. Pg. 37.
75. See footnote 55. Pg. 34.
76. See footnote 55. Pg. 39.
77. See footnote 55. Pg. 40.
78. Joint MINDCAF/MINFI Order No. 000470 of 18 June 2018.
79. Congo Basin Forest Partnership (2023). Intervention of the Ministry of Lands, Cadastre and Land Affairs (MINDCAF) under the theme: “Existing regulatory and legal provisions on the issue, present and future innovations, with a view to the development of sustainable policies for the control of transhumance”. Pg. 24.
80. Ibid. Pg. 26.
81. African Development Bank (2022). Support Project for the Modernization of the Cadastre and the Improvement of the Business Climate (PAMOCCA). Project Completion Report (PCR). July 2022. Pg. 7.
82. See footnote 74.
83. See footnote 55. Pg. 54.
84. Cameroon Discoveries. Real estate sector:At the heart of an open-air scam in Douala. http://decouverte.cameroun.free.fr/secteur-immobilier-au-cur-dune-arnaque-a-ciel-ouvert-a-douala-ar.html (Accessed 4October 2023).
85. Republic of Cameroon. Infrastructure Development Sector Strategy 2020-2030. Pg. 47.