Mali is a Sahelian country that covers an area of 1 241 238km2 and is home to 23 293 698 inhabitants in 2023,⁶ 49.5% of whom are women.⁷ The country has a population growth rate of 3.1%⁸ and has seen its population triple in 50 years.⁹ With an annual urbanisation rate of 4.7%, Mali has a low population density (18 inhabitants per km2 in 2021).^{10, 11} Mali’s population is young (21.4 year old average)¹² and has an unemployment rate of 3.25% of the total workforce in 2023.¹³ This creates challenges in both the supply and demand of housing, leading to precarious neighbourhoods and unhealthy living conditions. In 2020, 42% of Mali’s urban population lived in slums¹⁴ and only 37.5% of urban dwellers had access to improved sanitation in 2023.¹⁵ Due to security challenges, the 2024 Humanitarian Response Plan estimates that more than one million people are in need of housing, of which 14 581 cases have already been forcibly evicted from homes and public infrastructure, resulting in continued displacement of populations.¹⁶ According to the President of the Association of Real Estate Developers of Mali (APIM), the deficit is estimated at 1.5 million housing units.¹⁷

In recent years, the country has been marked by political instability leading to a security crisis and a weakening of the social contract. There are uncertainties about the near-term outlook. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth is expected to slow to 3.8% in 2024 due to the negative mpact of prolonged power outages, the adverse consequences of the withdrawal of the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) from the tertiary sector, a decline in gold production, uncertainty surrounding the postponement of elections and the exit of the Economic Community of African States from the West (ECOWAS). Nevertheless, GDP is expected to rebound to 4.4% in 2025.¹⁸

In addition, the country faces high vulnerability to the effects of climate change, which could reduce its annual GDP by 10.7% by 2050.¹⁹ Despite the decline in inflation, from 9.7% in 2022 to 2.1% in 2023, food prices have remained high, impacting food security.²⁰ The decline in inflation is accompanied by an appreciation of the CFA Franc against the US Dollar (US$) of about 0.9% in 2023,²¹ compared to the previous year. In addition, in July 2024, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) increased by about 5% compared to August 2023.²²

The construction and housing sectors have not been spared from the crisis of cement availability and high costs. Mass displacement of populations not only affects rent prices for housing in host areas, but also increases the risk of eviction for those living on plots without security of tenure.²³ However, the Malian government is showing political will to support the sector as the share of housing and public facilities in the total budgeted public expenditure increased by 5.6% between 2023 and 2024.²⁴ In addition, with the new guidelines relating to the Strategic Framework for Economic Recovery and Sustainable Development (CREDD) 2019-2023, the government, through the Special Investment Budget (BSI), has built 5 900 social housing units.²⁵ The allocation of these social housing units is ensured by the Malian Housing Office (OMH), which has been allocated a budget of CFA27.9 billion (US$45.7 million) for the 2023 financial year.²⁶

In 2022, Mali had 14 banks, three financial institutions, 20 decentralised financial systems, 12 insurance institutions and one electronic money institution.²⁷ There were a total of 17 credit institutions, including 14 banks and 3 financial institutions occupying 11.4% of the credit market in the WAEMU.²⁸ The level of financial inclusion apprehended through the synthetic financial inclusion index produced in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) and provided by the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) has seen a slight change between 2021 and 2022, from 0.466 to 0.48.²⁹ The rate of banking penetration has increased slightly from 15.6% in 2021 to 16.4% in 2022. Geographical penetration has increased from 189 to 195 service points per 1 000 km2.³⁰

In addition, the microfinance sector continues to play a major role in the financial inclusion of local populations. In the first quarter of 2024, the BCEAO estimated, on a sample of 25 Decentralised Financial Systems (DFS), a total customer base of about 1.56 million members: an increase of 5.4% compared to the same period in 2023. The increase in the number of customers was reflected in an increase in the amount of deposits of 5.7%. At the same time, outstanding loans increased by 3.7% between March 2023 and March 2024.^{31, 32} However, despite the performance noted, challenges in accessing finance persist. Just over four in ten adults (44%) had a bank account in 2021. This proportion is lower among women (41%) and the poorest (33%).³³ On the other hand, with four e-money issuing institutions, Mali had more than 4 226 523 active e-money accounts, i.e. an active account rate of 40.7% in 2021.³⁴

The Malian Housing Office (OMH) was created to promote access to decent housing for Malians. The OMH plays the main role of facilitator between different actors in the housing sector, provisioning of serviced land (plots) for housing, as well as the promotion of the use of local building materials. The OMH works on financial operations in collaboration with the Banque de l’Habitat du Mali (BHM), which was absorbed by the Banque Malienne de Solidarité (BMS) in 2016. The Malian Housing Guarantee Fund (FGHM) was set up to offer eligible Malians (most of whom are members of housing cooperatives) mortgages to acquire housing, buy land, or acquire commercial buildings. In 2023 the FGHM has committed to 15 real estate loan guarantee files financed by banks for CFA495 million (US$811 152), 149 files concerning the direct transfer of the 1 200 social housing units of the OMH with an insolvency commitment of CFA408 million (US$668 586) and 41 guarantee files relating to the remainder of the 3 743 social housing units, i.e. CFA748 million (US$1.2 million). In addition, in June 2024, the West African Development Bank (BOAD) supported Mali in the financing of affordable housing with an emergency programme of 25 000 social housing units.³⁵

In addition to the six institutions providing residential mortgages,³⁶ the microfinance sector is also involved in housing financing in Mali. For example, the microfinance network “Nyesigiso” offers several services for both companies and individuals. For housing, two types of credit are offered: a mortgage loan for the purchase of a home on a serviced site, for a maximum amount of CFA20 million (US$32 773) repayable over a period of 5 to 15 years, and a construction loan of up to CFA3 million (US$4,916) repayable over 36 months.³⁷

However, access to housing finance remains a real challenge. Almost all housing financing offers are intended mainly for salaried employees in the formal sector, private companies, international institutions and public or semi-public administrations. While about half of all Malian businesses are informal small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), 90% of all jobs are in the informal sector.³⁸ In addition, one in six households operates a family business with little access to finance, while most small subsistence households are recognised as solvent.³⁹ In addition to the eligibility conditions requiring the applicant to have a job in the formal sector, the ratio between the monthly reimbursable amount and the monthly household income can be high for low income households. Although the BMS sets this transferable portion at approximately 33.3% of salary, the maximum ratio of the monthly loan payment to household income can be as high as 75%. In addition, self-employed persons must pay a deposit which represents a guarantee for the BHM, the amount of which corresponds to at least three monthly repayments of the housing loan.⁴⁰ Thus, the methods of access to real estate credit make housing unaffordable for a majority of Malians.

In Mali, only 51.2% of households own their homes, of which 8.9% have a title deed. Nationally, a small proportion of households (15.9%) rent their home. However, four out of ten households (40.9%) in urban areas and half of Bamako’s residents (50.2%) are renters. In addition, spending on housing, including water, electricity, gas and other fuels, was estimated at 10.2% of total Malian household spending in 2023.⁴¹

An apartment in urban centers costs an average of CFA6.07 million (US$9 946) per m2. As a result, the acquisition of a 60m2 apartment in the city center, at a price of CFA364.2 million (US$596 811) remains difficult to access for Malians who earn an average monthly net income of CFA157 200 (US$257).^{42, 43}

In addition, the price of cement increased in June 2024. A ton costs CFA119 500 (US$195.8), or CFA5 975 (US$9) for a 50 kg bag, up from CFA5 265 (US$8) in 2023. ⁴⁴ The construction price index fell from 131.5 points in June 2022 to 131.2 points in June 2023, a decrease of 0.3%.⁴⁵ Inflation in the country, coupled with the cost of land estimated at CFA220 199/m2 (US$360/m2) in Bamako and the cost of labor estimated at CFA51 702/m2 (US$85/m2) make it difficult for the majority of Malians to access housing.⁴⁶

In 2019/20, the annual income of a typical wealthy household was estimated at CFA5 048 100 (US$8 272) and that of an average household at CFA2 722 850 (US$4 461). A typical poor household had an annual income of CFA788 900 (US$1 292) while a household living below the poverty line lived on CFA315 850 (US$517) per year.⁴⁷ The disparity in income from one category to another is very high. Indeed, the annual income of a wealthy household is more than 16 times that of a household living below the poverty line, more than six times that of a poor household and nearly 1.8 times that of an average household. It is also noted that in 2021, 81% of jobs in Mali were classified as “vulnerable”, i.e. held by self employed people or unpaid family workers.⁴⁸ Extreme poverty increased to 19.1% in 2022 compared to 15.9% in 2021. The rural areas of the south are home to the 90% of the poorest households in the country.⁴⁹ Gender inequalities also persist, as only 7.9% of heads of households are women. In contrast, female headed households are less affected by poverty (27.6%) than male-headed households (43.1%).⁵⁰

In addition, there is a glaring inequality between men and women in the distribution of social housing. For more than a decade, the share of women in social housing has been falling steadily, from 46% in 2008 to only 19.1% in 2019. ⁵¹ In addition, women were underrepresented in decision-making in key social forums, with the number of women ministers being, for example, only six out of 28 in the transitional government.⁵²

To address the housing crisis, the Government of Mali initiated a project to build 50 000 social housing units from 2014.⁵³ In this programme, the Malian government subsidises the sale price of housing and covers the land and site servicing costs.⁵⁴ The homes are sold interest-free over a period of 25 years.⁵⁵ The accommodation provided is F2, F3 and F4, the costs of which vary according to the locality.⁵⁶ The monthly payments include bank charges of CFA2 000 (US$3.3) and the death guarantee premium of CFA4 000 (US$6.5) for F3 and CFA7 000 (US$11.5) for F4.⁵⁷ In April 2024, a financing agreement for 500 housing units for customs officials was also signed.⁵⁸ This financing is part of a programme to build 2 000 affordable housing units for a total investment of CFA13.35 billion (US$21.88 million).⁵⁹

Despite the efforts, the supply of housing is far below the demand. The number of formal housing units completed annually is estimated at 5 000 units, while the demand is more than 81 000 per year.⁶⁰ In the public sector, the budget allocated to housing and collective facilities has increased from CFA48.26 billion (US$79 million) in 2023 to CFA50.96 billion (US$83.5 million) in 2024.⁶¹ Moreover, data from the survey of business leaders show an acceleration in activity in the building and public works (BTP) sector in May 2023, with an increase of 20.2 points compared to April.⁶²

The involvement of the private sector in the provision of housing is manifested through the activities of the Forum de l’Habitat, des Banques et des Assurances (FOHABA). Through a partnership with real estate developers, cooperatives and banks, FOHABA has made available 602 housing units of type F3 at CFA25 million (US$40 967), F4 at CFA42.5 million (US$69 644), and F5 duplex at CFA67 million (US$109 792) in Niamana, as well as 500 individual plots with land titles in the outskirts of Bamako.⁶³ However, it should be noted that these dwellings are accessible only to a relatively well-off segment of the population.

The real estate market is characterized by an underproduction of affordable housing and a growing interest in high value housing. These homes whose purchase or rental price vary according to value and neighbourhood are very popular with foreign and sometimes local customers.[1] For example, rents for a small room in a working-class district of Bamako range from 25 000 FCFA (US$32.5) to 3 million FCFA (US$4 761),[2] or from 70 million FCFA (US$111.10 to 400 million FCFA (US$634.86) for purchase.[3]

Overall, the sector is doing well as demand for all categories remains strong. The majority of companies are confident in the potential of real estate. According to IFC’s Country Diagnostic report on the Private Sector of Mali in April 2022, 82% of companies in the construction and real estate sector are confident about a resurgence of post-Covid-19 activities. This trust is also shared by companies operating in the “financial services” (82%) and “retail trade” (80%) branches.[4]

With respect to tenure systems, there is currently no complete cadastre in Mali. Property disputes are frequent and take several years to resolve in court. Therefore, land tenure security is at the heart of the initiatives and recommendations made to boost activities in the private sector, particularly in real estate. That is why the Permanent Secretariat for Land Reform has initiated a cadastral system in large cities. The purpose of this system will be to associate the unique national cadastral identification number (NINACAD) with a parcel of land that will be managed by a one-stop shop. Such a system would thus facilitate access to all cadastral information and assist with the identification of the nature of the properties and the activities carried out therein.

The real estate market is highly dependent on imported products for construction. For example, all major residential building materials such as concrete, cement, steel, wood are imported. It is a distance of approximately 1 300 kms from the ports of embarkation and Dakar or Abidjan to the capital, Bamako. In addition to the cost of import, it would therefore be necessary to add the cost of transport to the selling price of these essential materials. For low-income households or those opting for self-construction, these criteria could encourage the proliferation of informal housing. Overall, these factors do not encourage the development of a local formal market for self-builders and private developers.[5]

The World Bank’s Doing Business 2020 report ranks Mali 140th for property registration: five different procedures and 29 days at a cost of 11.1% of the property value are required. Mali’s score on the Quality Index of Land Administration is still low, 8 out of 30. The same report ranks Mali 133^rd for ease of obtaining building permits, with 14 procedures in 124 days. The cost of building permits represents 9.35% of the value of the property.[6]

To mitigate the negative effects of climate change, new standards are being integrated into this market, such as the regulation of construction techniques in order to produce buildings with reduced energy needs.[7]

[1]Ibid.

[2] Maliwe.net (2022). Rent problem: an ordeal for citizens. 28 February 2022. https://www.maliweb.net/habitationsparcelles/problematique-du-loyer-un-calvaire-pour-les-citoyens-de-la-capitale-2966763.html (Accessed 17 September 2022).

[3] See footnote 40.

[4] IFC (2022). Country diagnosis on the private sector in Mali. https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/1c531fbf-beac-4c09-9926-87f7e89a9c57/cpsd-mali-fr.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=o1Mnbah (Accessed 5 September 2022). Pg. 24.

[5] See footnote 25.

[6] World Bank (2020). Doing business 2020: Mali Economy Profile.

https://francais.doingbusiness.org/fr/rankings?region=sub-saharan-africa (Accessed 17 September 2022). Pgs. 10-20.

[7] See footnote 25.

The Malian government aspires to facilitate access to housing and create a legal and regulatory framework to facilitate foreign investment in real estate development and the construction sector. In parallel with its role as a planner, the Malian state is committed to providing social housing to the low income population through the OMH and the FGHM. The Government has also taken a number of measures to facilitate the supply of housing, including a law on co-ownership, a law governing real estate development and a law on housing finance.⁷⁰ The right of access to basic social services, including the right to housing, was recalled in Article 10 of Decree No. 2023-0401/PT-RM of July 22, 2023 promulgating the Constitution.⁷¹

In terms of housing financing, Mali has launched the process of adopting the National Strategy for Financial Inclusion under the leadership of the National Implementation Monitoring Committee (CNSMO). Its objective is to mobilise more stakeholders around the promotion of financial inclusion and to improve efficiency in the implementation of the Regional Financial Inclusion Strategy (SRIF).⁷² In addition, to limit imports and cement costs, in the space of two years, two cement plants with production capacity of 800 000 tons and one million tons per year were launched in 2022 and 2024 respectively.^{73, 74} This initiative strengthens the three existing plants⁷⁵ to significantly improve the share of cement in national exports estimated at 4% in 2020, increase tax revenues and reduce cement prices within the country.⁷⁶

As part of the implementation of the Technical Assistance Project of the IDA grant for the financing of affordable housing (ELAP – WAEMU), the WAEMU Commission, with the support of the World Bank, has decided to make its actions sustainable by setting up a Center of Excellence for Housing in the sub-region. This programme aims to support affordable housing policies to increase supply.⁷⁷ A data collection manual has already been developed since September 2021 and a study for the operationalisation of an urban social fund and an urban fee has also been launched.⁷⁸

New opportunities are opening up in the Malian housing market with the signing of a partnership protocol for a housing loan portfolio guarantee solution for the benefit of banks and DFS between the African Solidarity Fund (ASF) and the WAEMU Regional Mortgage Refinancing Fund (CRHR-UEMOA).⁷⁹ In addition to the financing opportunities granted to the SFD, the OMH promotes a reduction in the cost of building materials for housing units by encouraging the local production of building materials, including handicrafts, and applied research for the development of alternative technologies as well as the valorisation of locally available building materials. The OMH undertakes to participate in the capital of any company or agency involved in the housing sector.⁸⁰

In addition, the country’s tax system is designed to be attractive to investors, offering a range of exemptions to encourage investment. The country has a fairly comprehensive legal and regulatory framework for the real estate market. The growing need for affordable but also high-end housing accentuates the underlying demand. The rapid development of the mining sector is accompanied by an increase in the demand for housing and many other opportunities related to catering, schools, transport and especially security

Sparse data provided on housing in Mali come from the National Institute of Statistics (INSTAT) and the BCEAO. INSTAT produces data on demography and housing characteristics, in addition to providing consumer price indices (CPI) and prices of building materials (BMI) that are regularly posted online. The BCEAO, for its part, provides information on the conditions for bank financing of housing in WAEMU countries. Apart from demographic data and statistics on gender inequalities, however, most of the statistics provided are not disaggregated by gender.

In addition, data on mortgage loans are not available to the public, nor data on real estate agents. Finally, there is a clear lack of data on green housing despite awareness and political will to take climate change into account in the country’s development projects and programmes.

In 2018, the Malian government granted authorisation for the direct sale of 1 200 housing units in N’Tabacoro. The objective of this transaction was to facilitate the mobilisation of additional financial resources by Malian Housing Office (OMH) to fulfill its commitments. In 2022, the terms of sale were revised, taking the form of a hire-purchase contract with a maximum repayment period of 15 years conditional on the initial contribution, set at a minimum of 15% of the sale price, to which are added additional costs (insurance and bank fees).

These are high-standing residences, types F3, F4 and F5, with areas of 200, 250 and 300m² respectively. The respective selling prices are CFA25 million (US$40 967), CFA31.5 million (US$51 618) and CFA60 million (US$98 321). The minimum deposits required are CFA4.25 million (US$6 964) for the F3, CFA5.36 million (US$8 783) for the F4 and CFA10.18 million (US$16 681) for the F5. The monthly payments, including those paid to FGHM and bank charges, are respectively CFA126 556 (US$207), CFA158 750 (US$260) and CFA298 833 (US$489).

The programme is intended for employees and non-employees residing in Mali, as well as Malians living abroad. To access these residences, people of Malian nationality residing in Mali must present a Malian identity document. In addition, aspirants are required to provide bank account details and a bank certificate attesting to the availability of the advance and insurance premiums. Employees must present an irrevocable commitment from their employer to transfer the rent to the OMH bank account indicated. For F3 aspirants whose salary does not cover a third of the monthly housing payment, the last three pay slips and a certificate of voluntary assignment are required.⁸¹

National Institute of Statistics (INSTAT): www.instat-mali.org/fr
Malian Housing Office (OMH): www.omh-mali.net
General Secretariat of the Government of Mali: https://sgg-mali.ml/fr/accueil.html
Mali Mortgage Guarantee Fund (FGHM SA): www.fghm-sa.com
Banque Malienne de Solidarité (BMS SA): www.bms-sa.ml
Bank of Mali (BDM SA): www.bdm-sa.com
Bank of Africa, Mali: www.boamali.com
Orabank Mali: www.orabank.net/fr/filiale/mali
Lodging in Mali: www.selogeraumali.com
Bamako Real Estate: www.bamako-immobilier.com

1. Orabank. (2024). Launch of the housing construction programme. https://tinyurl.com/2nytxy7n (Accessed 20 July 2024).
2. Business & Enterprise. (2024). Mali announces a $21 million investment in housing for customs officers. 17 April 2024. Affaires & Enterprise.
3. Global Shelter Cluster. (2024). Factsheet Mali March 2024. https://sheltercluster.org/mali/factsheets/2024-03 (Accessed 20 July 2024).
4. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). (2024). Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan – Mali. January 2024. Pg. 37.
5. Real Estate Transfer Agency (ACI). (2024). Mali: Digitization of land tenure – End of disputes. 3 April 2024.
   https://www.aci-sa.ml/actualite-plus/NQ==/ (Accessed 16 August 2024).
6. World Bank. (2023). Database: Population – Mali.
7. World Bank. (2023). Database: Population, women – Mali.
8. World Bank. (2023). Database: Population Growth – Mali.
9. Zakweli. (2024). Population of Mali in 2024. 12 March 2024. Zakweli.
10. World Bank. (2023). Database: Population density – Mali.
11. UN-Habitat. (2023). Country Profile – Mali. https://tinyurl.com/4rd6tkch (Accessed 23 August 2023). Pg. 4.
12. National Institute of Statistics. (INSTAT). (2023). RGPH5 results. 10 August 2023. https://tinyurl.com/y6fbnvp8 (Accessed 29 August 2024).
13. World Perspective. (2024). Unemployment as a percentage of total labour force, Mali.
14. World Bank. (2020). Population living in slums.
15. See footnote 3.
16. See footnote 4. Pg. 59.
17. Financial Afrik. (2024). Housing Financing in the WAEMU: Challenges Beyond the Banking Sector. 19 March 2024.
18. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2024). Press Release No. 24131. IMF staff reaches agreement with Mali on a Rapid Credit Facility and completes its Article IV 2024 mission. 30 April 2024. 
19. World Bank. (2023). Mali 2023 – Note on the economic situation. Special Chapter: Building Financial Resilience to Drought. Pg. 19.
20. See footnote 18.
21. World Bank. (2023). Official exchange rate (local currency units per US$, average for the period) – Mali.
22. INSAT. (2024). Statistical data. https://www.instat-mali.org/fr (Accessed 11 August 2024).
23. See footnote 4. Pg. 49.
24. Ministry of Economy and Finance of the Republic of Mali. (2024).Amending Finance Act 2024. Pg. 20.
25. UMOA-titles. (2021). Briefing Notes – Republic of Mali 2021. https://tinyurl.com/ysp7328x (Accessed 23 August 2023). Pg.17.
26. Makadji, M. (2023). Malian Housing Office (OMH):A budget of more than 27 billion CFA francs to meet the 2023 financial year. 8 April 2023. Mali News.
27. Making Finance Work for Africa. (2024). Regional Profile of the Financial Sector. West African Economic and Monetary Union. Pg. 7.
28. Ibid.
29. BCEAO. (2023). Report on the situation of financial inclusion in WAEMU during the year 2022. https://tinyurl.com/ymkrrwh8 (Accessed 26 July 2024). Pg. 34.
30. Ibid. Pg. 39.
31. BCEAO. (2023). Key indicators of WAMU DFS as of 31/03/2023.
32. Ibid. P.g. 1.
33. The World Bank. (2022).The global Findex database 2021: Financial inclusion, digital payments, and resilience in the age of COVID-19. Pg. 177.
34. BCEAO. (2022). Evolution of digital financial services in the WAEMU for the year 2021. Pg. 38.
35. BOAD. (2024). Real Estate & Social Housing. https://tinyurl.com/2yrywn3e (Accessed 14 August 2024).
36. Statista. (2022). Number of mortgage providers in Africa in 2022, by country.
37. Nyèsigiso. (2023). Products & Services. Services for Individuals. http://nyesigiso-mali.org/tab_produit.php (Accessed 24 August 2023).
38. World Bank and IFC. (2021). Mali – Country Diagnosis on the Private Sector: Mobilizing the Private Sector for Economic Recovery and Resilience. Pg. 20.
39. Ibid. Pg. 40.
40. Diallo, B. (2020). Social housing policy and allocation issues in Mali: the case of 1008, 320 and 501Yirimadio in commune VI of the District of Bamako. African Journal of Social Sciences and Public Health, 2(1), 111-125. Pg. 6.
41. INSTAT. (2024). Consumption, poverty and household well-being 2023. Pg. 31.
42. BDEEX. Real estate in mali. https://bdeex.com/realty/mali/ (Accessed 25 August 2023).
43. Numbeo. (2024). Cost of Living in Mali. 
44. INSTAT. (2024).Average selling prices and index of construction materials and products in Bamako (building withBA slab roof). Pg. 1.
45. Ibid.
46. TRAXXEO. How to best calculate the cost of labour on a construction site? https://tinyurl.com/4azsk94b (Accessed 25 August 2023).
47. Koité, K., Djiré,A., &Tounkara,A. (2022). Livelihood Profile Update Report (ML10) Southeast Sorghum, Millet and Cotton. FAO. Pg. 13.
48. World Bank. (2023).Vulnerable jobs.
49. World Bank. (2023). Mali Presentation. 30 March 2023.  https://tinyurl.com/bdf3rrbu (Accessed 25 August 2023).
50. INSTAT. (2020). Profile and determinants of poverty in Mali 2018 – 2019. https://www.instat-mali.org/laravelfilemanager/files/shares/pub/profil-det-pauv-2018-2019_pub.pdf (Accessed 26 August 2023). Pg. 31.
51. National Centre for Documentation and Information on Women and Children. (2021). Statistical Bulletin 2019 and 2020 Women and Children in Figures in Mali. Pg. 96.
52. Inter of Bamako. (2021).Transition II: government 6 women enter the country. 14 June 2021.
53. Immomali.ml. (2021). Mali real estate project: 50,000 social housing units since 2014. 11 January 2021.
54. Government of Mali (2021). Communiqué of the Council of Ministers of Wednesday, 29 December 2021 CM N°2021-43/SGG.
55. Bamako Immo. Social housing for saleTabakoro Bamako. https://tinyurl.com/wa4j2bs2 (Accessed 27 August 2023).
56. Se loger au Mali.Types of social housing in Mali. https://tinyurl.com/3n3tx2xd (Accessed 27 August 2023).
57. Makadji, M. (2021). Mali: Social housing: New apartment for a new life. 23 September 2021. Maliactu.
58. Orabank. (2024). Launch of the housing construction programme. https://tinyurl.com/2nytxy7n (Accessed 20 July 2024).
59. Business & Enterprise. (2024). Mali announces a $21 million investment in housing for customs officers. 17 April 2024.
60. Fofana, O. (2023). Recovery of social housing: sustainability threatened for non-payment of monthly payments. 13 July 2023. Mali24.
61. Ministry of the Economy and Finance. (2024).Amending Finance Act 2024. Pg. 20.
62. BCEAO (2023). Note on the economic situation in the WAEMU countries. Pg. 13.
63. Growth Africa. (2022). Banking and Insurance Housing Forum:The 11th Edition in Lomé under good signs. 20 September 2022.
64. Observatory of Sustainable Human Development and the Fight Against Poverty. (2022). Contribution of the informal sector to the national economy and to the reduction of poverty and inequality in Mali. Pg. 9.
65. World Bank. (2020). Doing business 2020: Mali Economy Profile. Pg. 4.
66. Mali News. (2023). Current trends in the real estate market in Mali. 6 March 2023.
67. Rota Graziosi, G., Caldeira, E., Chambas, G. (2015). Mali – Local taxation and decentralization. July 2015. International Monetary Fund, Department of Public Finance. Pg. 38.
68. Doubia, K. M. (2021).Taxes and duties on rental properties:You can request a payment release. 2 August 2021. Maliweb.net.
69. General Secretariat of the Government. (2022). Official journal of the republic of Mali. Pg. 637.
70. General Secretariat of the Government. (2019). Law governing real estate development. https://tinyurl.com/bdd29eah (Accessed 29 August 2023). Pg. 3-5.
71. General Secretariat of the Government. (2023). Decree No. 2023-0401/PT-RM of 22 July 2023 promulgating the Constitution. (Accessed 28 August 2023). Pg. 2.
72. Faye,A. (2023). Mali: Official launch of the National Inclusion Strategy. 28 June 2023. Lejecos.
73. Djiguiba, I. (2022). Reducing cement imports into Mali:Assimi Goïta lays the foundation stone of a new factory in Dio. 3 June 2022. BAMADA.NET.
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