A West African country between Guinea and Senegal, Guinea-Bissau borders the North Atlantic Ocean. It has been a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) since 1997. With an area of 36 130 km2, it has a population of 2 150 840 inhabitants and a density of 76 people per km2.¹

Guinea-Bissau is the least populous country and the smallest economy in the WAEMU,² and has an estimated gross domestic product (GDP) of CFA1 220.5 billion (US$2 billion).³ The country’s economy is essentially structured around agriculture, which accounts for 49% of GDP and employs between 75% and 80% of the working population. Services and industry account for 38.5% and 12.5% of GDP respectively.⁴ In 2023, GDP grew by 4.3%, a slight increase compared to 2022, which is expected to continue in 2024 to reach 4.9%.⁵ In addition, cashew nut production, which accounts for 90% of the value of the country’s exports,⁶ increased by +4.2% in 2023.⁷ Annual average inflation, meanwhile, fell by 0.6 percentage points compared to 2022, reaching 7.2% in 2023.⁸

Despite these positive economic developments, Guinea-Bissau continues to face a social situation that is weakened by the shortcomings of the State and the configuration of its economic system. The Guinea-Bissau State is still unable to meet the demand for infrastructure and public services, and is struggling to develop national human capital.⁹ These challenges are holding back private investment in the country and hindering the diversification of the economy. In 2022, the country’s Human Development Index (HDI) still ranked it 179th out of 193. Although slightly down from 2022, poverty still affects about 60.4% of the population in 2024.¹⁰ Guinea-Bissau’s Gini coefficient of 33.4 indicates an average level of social inequality in 2021.

Inequalities and the slowdown in the development of Guinea-Bissau’s human capital are directly reflected in the living conditions of the population. The Guaranteed Interprofessional MinimumWage (SMIG) has not changed since 2015, remaining frozen at CFA59 000 (US$97) until 2024 despite increases in the cost of living.¹¹ The GDP per capita reached CFA610 257 (US$1 000).¹² In December 2023, year-on-year consumer price inflation stood at 3.1%,¹³ despite the tax exemptions and relief measures undertaken by the government to reduce food and energy prices.¹⁴ These measures come at a time when Guinea-Bissau is experiencing the highest average annual inflation on food prices (+6%) and housing-related consumption (+12%) in the WAEMU zone.¹⁵

Guinea-Bissau is still predominantly rural, with 58.3% of its population living outside the cities.¹⁶ The country’s population growth rate has been on a downward trend since 2013, from 2.69% to 2.15% in 2022. ¹⁷ Despite this low population growth, the overconcentration of the population in Bissau and Biombo has consequences on the demand for housing.¹⁸ The country is benefiting from technical assistance from UN-Habitat on policies, plans and strategies related to housing, sustainable urban development and slum upgrading, ¹⁹ and from mortgage financing support from the Regional Mortgage Refinancing Fund (CRRH).

In addition to these socio-demographic problems, the current political context weighs heavily on the country’s economic future. A new coup attempt took place at the Government Palace in 2022, bringing the number of coup attempts in Guinea-Bissau since independence to 17. This increases the country’s already high level of uncertainty, 20 but also weakens investment in the real estate sector.²¹ However, the Government formed in December 2023 is working to accelerate the structural transformation of the economy through 1) better political stability, 2) strengthening of the tax administration, 3) the development of physical infrastructure, 4) the improvement of human capital and 5) the development of the private sector.²²

In Guinea Bissau, women still do not have the right to own land, although they do occupy part of agricultural activities. Thus, in 2023, a ParteMulher network was launched by the European Union (EU) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and trained in mediation of land disputes and interaction with national land-related institutions with the aim of providing technical support to women seeking gender justice in land rights.²³

Guinea-Bissau’s financial sector had six banks in December 202324 and six Decentralized Financial Systems (DFS) in March 2023.²⁵ In September 2023, Guinea-Bissau saw the aggregation of its first electronic money institution (Finances Mobiles Bissau).²⁶ Access to financial services is very limited but also unbalanced, as the majority of financial services infrastructure is concentrated in the capital, Bissau. The rate of strict banking penetration remains low at 16.4% in 2022.²⁷ In total, the microfinance sector has 10 741 clients. The total amount of deposits in this sector was estimated at CFA82.1 million (US$134 533) and outstanding loans at CFA56 million (US$91 765), with an amount of CFA16 million (US$26 218) of outstanding loans in 2023.²⁸

Despite the modesty of its banking system, Guinea-Bissau totalled an increase in the amount of loans granted to customers of +13.3%, i.e.CFA25.5 billion (US$41.8 million) in 2023, the largest increase in the WAEMU over this period.²⁹ The previous year, the share of real estate loans in total bank loans fell from 16.4% to 13%. In WAEMU, the share of real estate loans in total bank loans was 2.2% in 2022.³⁰

The CRRH is the main source of mortgage financing in the union. Indeed, in 2022, the Fund approved a CFA255.6 billion (US$418.8 million) debt-financed envelope for the refinancing of mortgage loans in WAEMU countries from 2022 to 2023. This debt financing programme provides for the issuance of bonds by offering CFA179 billion (US$293.3 million), and the mobilisation of concessional resources of CFA76 billion (US$124.5 million) from development partners.³¹

For the past decade, the lending interest rate has been on a downward trend in the WAEMU zone, from 7.99% in 2012 to 6.48% in 2022.³² In contrast to this, the interest rate remained high in Guinea-Bissau in 2021 (8.86%) and 2022 (9.02%).³³ In Guinea-Bissau, as in the WAEMU zone, lending rates are slightly lower for women (8.43% in 2022) than for men (8.82%).³⁴

The 2016 WAEMU inventory of housing in Guinea-Bissau highlighted the lack of data on housing demand in the country and also the absence of a housing production system.³⁵ The housing deficit was estimated at 4 000 units in 2015.³⁶ This deficit has since widened, partly due to strong population growth and urbanisation, signifying a high demand for housing financing that is inaccessible due to too short loan terms.³⁷ In 2016, middle-class households bought land to build their own homes, but only with the approval of the city council, which is the city’s largest landowner. Despite the growing housing deficit and the vulnerability of existing buildings, this land is the subject of speculation which drives up land prices significantly.³⁸

The majority of households nevertheless own their own home. Despite housing insecurity, the proportion of households owning their own dwelling was 80.6% in 2019, while the proportion of renters corresponded to 15.6% of households.³⁹ Three types of housing are formally identified in Guinea-Bissau: villas (62.7% of dwellings), multi-dwelling concessions (33.1%) and apartments (only 0.7%). Some types of housing identified as outside these categories would account for 3.5% of the total.⁴⁰

In Guinea-Bissau, the average duration of unemployment is estimated at 9.3 years. ⁴¹ Among employed workers, nearly half (49.5%) of employees received remuneration below the minimum wage in 2018.⁴² This proportion was 46.2% for men and 53.7% for women. The average income of Guinea-Bissau is CFA87 251 (US$143) with disparities between men and women.⁴³ The low wages can be explained by the preponderance of the informal sector, which accounted for 88.9% of the workforce in 2017, compared to 11.1% in the formal sector.⁴⁴

Access to land remains a challenge as the price of plots of land has increased by 186% in 20 years. In 2019, the average price of a 50m2 plot was CFA3 million (US$4 916) due to strong land pressure caused by population growth over the past two decades.⁴⁵ Overall in 2019 in Canchungo, the average price of a plot was CFA1.16 million (US$1 900). House prices vary depending on the type of construction. In Canchungo, for example, the average price of a house built of adobe was CFA2.03 million (US$3 326) while the average price of a house built of cement is CFA4 million (US$6 655).⁴⁶ The price of a cheaper house (with an average size of 50m2 and newly built by a developer) is estimated at CFA10.23 million (US$16 763).⁴⁷ The price of a typical rental was around CFA33 667 (US$55). In 2021 in Guinea-Bissau, only 5.77% of urban households could afford the cheapest new house.⁴⁸

The amount of a mortgage can vary from CFA3 million (US$4 916) to CFA100 million (US$163 865), with a maximum repayment term of 15 years. These loans are offered at an interest rate of 7.75%, with a transferable ratio of 60%, and disbursements are made according to the progress of the work.⁴⁹ The Banco da África Occidental sets the interest rate at 12% for a maximum period of 15 years, but the amount of the loan is set according to the level of the monthly salary.⁵⁰ The minimum income required can also be up to 20% of the value of the property, which is equivalent to a maximum loan equal to 80% of the value of the property.⁵¹ The monthly repayment of the loans is around 70% of the borrower’s monthly salary.⁵² Housing spending also increases with basic services. In the case of an 85m2 apartment in an urban center, the charges for these services are estimated at CFA35 357 (US$58).⁵³

The urban environment in Guinea-Bissau is affected by the precariousness of housing. This precariousness is associated with the large number of informal settlements, poor access to safe drinking water, and the lack of adequate sanitation facilities.⁵⁴ The proportion of the population of Guinea-Bissau living in precariously constructed housing was estimated at 83.2%, compared with 7.5% of the population living in decent housing.⁵⁵

The housing stock in the country is estimated to have approximately 14 246 residential properties for sale, divided into 11 034 apartments and 3 212 houses. The approximate number of properties for rent is 1 810, constituting 1 564 apartments and 246 houses. The apartments in this category are diverse: studios, F1, F2 and F3 apartments, as well as apartments with more than four bedrooms. The houses are also of different sizes: from 50m2 to above 200m2.⁵⁶ The smallest residential plots have an area of 50m2.⁵⁷

In 2018, dwellings were generally built with three types of roofs: corrugated zinc roofs (78.9%), thatched roofs (18.8%) and tile or concrete roofs (1.6%). The walls of 87.1% of the housing stock were built with clay materials, only 8.9% with cement and 3.5% with stones. The floors of the dwellings were either earth (52%), cement (45.4%) or clay (2%). The vulnerability of the housing was due in part to its unsuitable structure to storms and rainwater that could compromise the integrity of the housing.⁵⁸

Access to basic services is also a challenge for the country. Indeed, the proportion of the population with access to drinking water was estimated at 66.2% in 2018. This proportion was 80.3% in urban areas compared to 58% in rural areas in the same year. In terms of sanitation, 84.7% of the population has access to latrines. The rate of access is higher in urban areas (95.7%) than in rural areas (78.3%)⁵⁹ Just over half of the population had access to electricity, including 67.4% of the population in urban areas compared to 41.6% of the population in rural areas. However, the majority of households (64.3%) did not have access to electricity. Of the households with access to electricity, 18% were connected to a public grid and 17.7% were not. Only 1.3% of Guinea-Bissau’s population had access to clean fuels (gas and electricity) for cooking.⁶⁰ The low coverage of basic services is the result of widespread corruption and poor governance of these services.⁶¹ The development of road infrastructure is weak. In 2019, out of 2 700km of roads, only 800km were paved, limiting access to health and education services. In 2019, only 3.9% of the population had access to the internet.⁶²

Access to secure land is relatively low. The proportion of adults with a legal land document is 21.7%. Of those with a title deed, 78.8% are men, compared to 21.2% women.⁶³

The housing sector is struggling because of the price of construction materials, especially cement. Although the country has a cement plant, a 50kg bag of cement imported or local cost CFA5 000 (US$8.19) in 2023. The country was the 162nd largest importer of cement in the world in 2021, when cement imports reached CFA2.65 billion (US$4.3 million), and cement was the 19th most imported product into the country.⁶⁴ The prices of other construction products, apart from cement, have increased: for example, a roof roll stood at CFA30 000 (US$49) in 2021.⁶⁵

Real estate is registered by the Cadastre Office of Guinea-Bissau (Conservatoria do registo predial de Bissau).⁶⁶ In terms of the business climate, Guinea-Bissau ranks 177th and 132nd out of 190 countries in the processing of building permits and residential property registrations. Obtaining a building permit took 13 procedures and up to 143 days in 2020, and cost 23.7% of the value of the property. Registering a property required five procedures and could take up to 48 days, at a cost equal to 5.4% of the property’s value.⁶⁷

In 2023, renting a studio apartment cost anywhere from CFA21 042 (US$34.5), while a one-bedroom apartment (F2) could be rented from CFA26 452 (US$43). A two-bedroom apartment (F3) was rented for CFA34 869 (US$57); three bedroom (F4) for CFA46 893 (US$77); and four or more rooms starting at CFA54 107 (US$89). The rental prices of a house are a little more expensive than those of apartments and vary according to their size in m2: renting a house cost CFA33 667 (US$56) per month for an area of 50m2 or less; CFA44 488 (US$74) for an area between 50m2 and 100m2; about CFA55 911 (US$93) for an area between 100m2 and 150m2; nearly CFA60 119 (US$100) for an area between 150m2 and 200m2; and CFA66 131 (US$110) for an area greater than 200m2.⁶⁸

A studio apartment cost around CFA4.5 million (US$7 373) to buy in 2023, while an F2 apartment cost around CFA6.8 million (US$11 142). The price of the F3 was almost double that of the F2 (CFA12.6 million, or US$20 958). Overall, the price per m2 of an apartment was CFA228 452 (US$374). A 50m2 house cost an average of CFA9.7 million (US$15 894) while a 100m2 house cost CFA19.5 million (US$31 953). On the other hand, the price per m2 of a house in the capital of Guinea-Bissau was around CFA192 380 (US$315).⁶⁹

The Government of Guinea-Bissau adheres to the Affordable Housing Financing Project (ELAP) launched by WAEMU. This project is financed by the International Development Association (IDA) and by the WAEMU Commission with the support of its partners, CRRH-UEMOA and the West African Development Bank (BOAD).⁷⁰ In addition, CRRH financing has enabled WAEMU banks to facilitate access to affordable housing finance by extending the maturity of mortgage loans. In line with the policies of WAEMU member states, the World Bank is committed to improving access to affordable housing finance and contributing to poverty reduction in urban areas.⁷¹ In addition, social transfer programmes, targeting households, individuals, women and excluded groups, have been put in place to improve the living conditions of the inhabitants.

Until 2021, Guinea-Bissau had not adopted a National Urban Policy (NPP) or a regional development plan that took into account population changes, balanced territorial development, or increased fiscal space at the local level. The sector faces several challenges, including the lack of implementation of the urban plan, the extinction of wetlands, the lack of zoning mapping, and most importantly, the lack of a social housing policy.⁷² More recently, several policies, plans and laws have been developed by the government to address the problems created by climate change. Among these are Guinea-Bissau’s Sustainable Energy Investment Plan for the period 2015–2030; and the Terra Law, approved by the National People’s Congress, concerning, inter alia, the regulation and management of space in the national territory and the minimisation of problems of land concessions for different purposes.⁷³ In addition, in 2024,UN-Habitat supported the Government of Guinea-Bissau in the preparation of a national report on housing and urban development, which is an important milestone in guiding the action of the Government and all stakeholders at the national level in addressing the quantitative and qualitative housing deficit.⁷⁴

Finally, customary land tenure systems in Guinea-Bissau are complex: each of the more than 20 ethnic groups has developed its own version of customary law and land administration practices. For example,the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has highlighted the need to integrate customary land tenure into formal land administration systems, through institutional and legal reforms and capacity development.⁷⁵ This motivated the Association of Women Lawyers of Guinea-Bissau to advocate for the amendment of the constitution to include provisions to take into account equality between women and men, particularly in terms of land ownership.⁷⁶

The real estate market is still a field of opportunity for the various stakeholders acting in Guinea-Bissau; the Guinea-Bissau state, investors, private companies and the population. The small size of the country and the low housing deficit compared to other countries make its reduction an achievable objective with a comprehensive, integrated strategy adapted to local realities.

Indeed, despite government instability and recent frequent changes in the Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Urban Development, the preparation of the National Housing and Development Report in 2024 constitutes an important roadmap containing up-to-date data on housing in the country to develop appropriate policies in this regard. Equipped with this report, the government is now sufficiently equipped to develop a National Housing Strategy, giving a clear role to each actor and identifying the priority actions to strengthen the housing ecosystem and the access of the poorest to decent housing. The renewed attention of the new Executive Director of UN-Habitat to housing-related issues is an opportunity for considerable technical support to be seized, and bodes well for many activities in this direction in Guinea-Bissau.

For investors, acting within the economic and political framework that is currently stabilising Guinea-Bissau, will allow them to play a pioneering or even leadership role in the sectors where the need is greatest. For example, the local production of building materials through the industrialisation of this sector would not only create local employment, but also drastically reduce the cost of building materials, thus opening up the real estate market to a larger part of the population and consolidating an economy of scale in this sector. The equality of local and foreign investors in the face of laws and procedures,the assurance of non-seizure of assets by the Government, the freedom and transfer of profits but also the possibility of being exempted from half of the usual taxes for a period of 6 years offers a favorable environment,⁷⁷ whether for experienced investors in the market or for small investors who wish to start in Guinea-Bissau.

For entrepreneurs and other private real estate developers, the relative affordability of land and the presence in Guinea-Bissau of a local wealthy class and immigrants from northern countries also represent an advantage for the deployment of mixed housing offers. Indeed, through the equalisation effect, the development of luxury housing aimed at the well-to-do niche could help finance the construction of more affordable housing for the majority of the population, which represents a significant market. Finally, support for self-construction by the State or other organisations is a quick way to not only reduce the demand for affordable housing, but above all to boost the economic sector of building and construction, create wealth that will diversify the national economy, improve the development of infrastructure and thus contribute to the development of Guinea Bissau.

Quality and timely data on Guinea-Bissau is scarce, and even more so in the area of affordable housing finance. Government institutions do not publish data on the prices of land, rent, or property purchases. The publication by the government of this data would be of great contribution to the regulation of the real estate market. Some institutions nevertheless provide data, although these are generally aggregated: the National Institute of Statistics (INS); the Central Bank of West African States, which provides monthly, quarterly and annual financial data; commercial banks; and the WAEMU Commission (through the CRRH) etc. Departments do not publish data or, when they do, use an inaccessible format. Some international organisations participate in the dissemination of data through reports on their research or projects: UN-Habitat, the World Bank, the United Nations, the GRDR, etc.

The country’s 4th General Population and Housing Census was supposed to be conducted since 2019, but due to COVID-19, a lack of resources, and political instability, the process was significantly delayed. In 2024, the pre-test phase of data collection was conducted,⁷⁸ which gives hope that the census will be implemented by 2026.

Other sources of housing data have been identified through these websites, although they are very unreliable due to the methods used to collect the data: Global Property Guide, The GlobalEconomy.com, Cost of Living, Statista, BDEX and NUMBEO.

National Institute of Statistics: https://www.stat-guinebissau.com/
Guinean Ministry of Finance: https://www.mef.gw/
Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Urban Development:
https://www.facebook.com/people/Minist%C3%A9rio-Das-Obras-PublicasHabita%C3%A7%C3%A3o-e-Urbanismo/100063855922335/
Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO): https://www.bceao.int/
West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU): http://www.uemoa.int/
Regional Mortgage Refinancing Fund (CRRH): https://www.crrhuemoa.org/

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2. Country Economy. West African Economic and Monetary Union.
   https://fr.countryeconomy.com/pays/groupes/union-economique-monetaire-ouest-africaine (Accessed 12 August 2023).
3. Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry. (2024). Guinea-Bissau, Economic and Financial Situation. Directorate-General of the Treasury. July 25, 2024. https://tinyurl.com/cau57yjn (Accessed 29 September 2024).
4. France Diplomacy. Presentation of Guinea-Bissau.
5. AfDB (2024). Country Report 2024 – Guinea-Bissau.To drive the transformation of Guinea-Bissau through the reform of the global financial architecture.
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6. World Bank. (2024). Economic Update 2024: challenges and opportunities for economic growth in GuineaBissau. 17 May 2024.
7. BCEAO. (2024).Annual Report 2023. https://www.bceao.int/sites/default/files/2024-09/Rapport_Annuel_2023_BCEAO_20092024.pdf (Accessed 29 September 2024). Pg.16.
8. BCEAO. (2024). Report on Consumer Price Trends in WAEMU in 2023 and Outlook. March 2024.
   https://tinyurl.com/39wet3c4 (Accessed 29 September 2024). Pg. 7.
9. See note 6.
10. See note 5.
11. Meusalario. (2024). Salàrio minimo – Guiné-Bissau. Updated September 2024.
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12. See note 3.
13. See note 7.
14. See note 8. Pg. 12.
15. See note 8. Pg. 31.
16. Instituto Nacional de Estatistico. (2024). Inicio. Meio de Residência (%). https://stat-guinebissau.com/index.html
    (Accessed 29 September 2024)
17. World Perspective. (2023). Guinea-Bissau, population growth..
18. WAEMU. (2020). Presentation of the sovereign issuers of the West African Monetary Union (WAMU).
    https://tinyurl.com/y3dmcf7c (Accessed 18 August 2023). Pg. 12.
19. UN-Habitat. (2024). Guinea Bissau. https://unhabitat.org/guinea-bissau (Accessed 29 September 2024).
20. World Bank. Political context. Guinea Bissau- Overview.
21. WAEMU. (2016). State of Affordable Housing. https://tinyurl.com/mss3zw2d (Accessed 15 August 2023). Pg. 74.
22. See note 5. Pg. 7.
23. FAO. Helena’s story as told by Helena. https://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/news-archive/detailnews/fr/c/1640138 (Accessed 28 September 2023).
24. WAMU Banking Commission. (2024).Annual Report 2023. https://tinyurl.com/pvvc7v52 (Accessed 29 September 2024). Pg. 39.
25. BCEAO. (2023). Key indicators of WAMU DFS as of 31/03/2023. https://tinyurl.com/4car54am (Accessed 15 August 2023).
26. See note 24. Pg.A195.
27. See note 8. Pg. 28.
28. See note 25.
29. See note 24. Pg. 56.
30. BCEAO. (2023). Report on Banking Conditions in WAEMU in 2022. https://tinyurl.com/3mjw47p5 (Accessed 15 August 2023). Annex. Pg. 17.
31. Igbinoba. R. (2022).Africa Housing Finance Year book 2022. Guinea Bissau. Pg.132.
32. See note 30. Pg. 19.
33. See note 30. Pg. 18.
34. See note 30. Pg. 20.
35. See note 21. Pg. 75.
36. MACAO Forum. (2015). China co-operates with Guinea Bissau in social housing plan. (2015). 3 August 2015.
37. WAEMU. Affordable Housing Financing Project (AHBP). http://www.uemoa.int/fr/projet-sur-le-financementdu-logement-abordable-pfla (Accessed 15 August 2023).
38. See note 21. Pg. 74.
39. Ibid. Pg. 54.
40. National Institute of Statistics. (2019). Integrated Regional Employment and Informal Sector Survey.
    http://www.uemoa.int/sites/default/files/bibliotheque/rapport_final_guinee-bissau_francais_0.pdf (Accessed
    17 August 2023). Pg. 76.
41. Ibid. Pg. 35.
42. Ibid. Pg. 57.
43. See note 40. Pg. 76.
44. See note 40. Pg. 57.
45. Grdr. (2020). CANCHUNGO,AN URBAN HUB INTHE MAKING. https://grdr.org/IMG/pdf/atlas_-canchungo_paA_le_urbain_en_devenir_.pdf (Accessed 18 August 2023). Pg. 70.
46. Ibid. Pg. 71.
47. BDEX. Real estate in Guinea-Bissau. https://bdeex.com/realty/guinea-bissau/ (Accessed 18 August 2023).
48. Statista. (2021). Share of urban households who can afford the least expensive newly built house in Africa in
    2021, by country. https://www.statista.com/statistics/613846/urban-households-who-can-afford-the-cheapestnew-houses-africa-by-country/ (Accessed 18 August 2023).
49. OraBank. REAL ESTATE CREDIT. https://www.orabank.net/fr/filiale/guinee-bissau/particulier/offres/credits-etfacilites/credit-immobilier (Accessed 22 August 2023).
50. Banco da África Ocidental. Crédito Habitação. https://www.bao.gw/solucoes-credito (Accessed 22 August 2023).
51. Statista. (2022). Down payment required to obtain a mortgage in Africa in 2022, by country.
52. See note 48.
53. NUMBEO. Cost of living in Bissau.
54. Republic of Guinea-Bissau. (2022).Voluntary National Review.
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55. See note 54. Pg. 92.
56. See note 47.
57. See note 45. Pg. 70.
58. World Bank. (2021). Building Resilience for Vulnerable Populations. Pg. 8.
59. See note 40. Pg. 76–78.
60. Ibid. Pg. ii.
61. See note 58. Pg. 3.
62. Ibid.
63. See note 54. Pg. 47.
64. CSB. Cement in Guinea-Bissau. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/cement/reporter/gnb (Accessed 20 August 2023).
65. FAAPA. https://www.faapa.info/blog/acobespresidente-da-organizacao-pede-legitimacao-dos-direitos-dosconsumidores-ao-parlamento/ (Accessed 20 August 2023).
66. World Bank. (2020). Doing Business 2020: Guinea-Bissau. Pg. 4.
67. Ibid.
68. See note 47.
69. Ibid.
70. See note 37.
71. See note 31. Pg. 138.
72. See note 54. Pg. 93.
73. See note 54. Pg. 36.
74. See note 19.
75. FAO. (2021). Supporting land governance reforms. https://www.fao.org/3/cb1741fr/cb1741fr.pdf (Accessed 23 August 2023). Pg. 1.
76. See note 31. Pg. 132.
77. Guiné-Bissau Agência Nacional de Investimentos. (2024). Oportunidades de investimento.
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78. INE. (2024). Quarto RGPH da Guiné-Bissau Novidades. https://stat-guinebissau.com/Menu_principal/IV_RGPH/RGPH.html (Accessed 29 September 2024)