https

Financial exclusion remains high with 67% women and 57% of men financially excluded.¹⁴ The government has prioritised the National Financial Inclusion Strategy (NFIS:2017 – 2022). The NFIS notes that financial inclusion increased from 59.3% in 2015 to 69.4% in 2020¹⁵ and is expected to reach 80% by 2024.¹⁶

More than 135 established financial institutions operate in Zambia, including 16 licensed commercial banks (10 foreign owned, two locally owned, and four partially owned by the government).The non-bank finance sector is large and significant, with 117 registered non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) which include 35 microfinance institutions (MFIs), two Building Societies, one savings and credit institution, one credit reference bureau, one development finance institution (DFI), seven leasing and finance companies, and 70 bureaux de change. ¹⁷

According to an IMF Financial Access Survey,¹⁸ provision of affordable MFI loans is limited. Only 35 registered MFIs have outstanding loans, with 124 583 outstanding, valued at ZMW373.637 million (US$15.583 million). The 16 MFIs registered under the Association of Microfinance Institutions of Zambia (AMIZ) have disbursed over 100 000 microfinance loans averaging ZMW4 357 (US$182).¹⁹ MFIs also offer salary-based loans for shorter periods and loan periods of 1 to 20 years at a minimum of 25% to 50% interest rates per annum, with a maximum borrower age limit of 60 years.²⁰

The Zambia National Building Society (ZNBS) has 1 195 outstanding mortgages with an approximate total value of ZMW500.567 million (US$20.877 million),²¹ of which 1 187 are residential mortgages with a total value of ZMW477.109 million (US$19.898 million). The ZNBS also has eight commercial mortgages valued at ZMW23.457 million (US$978 328). ZNBS offers its mortgage at interest rates of 16% to 21% compared to 16% minimum and 34.5% maximum interest rates across all mortgage lenders. The maximum loan repayment period is between 25 and 30 years.²² ZNBS has revised the maximum tenure on Building Materials and Friendly Loans from 60 to 72 months.²³ It also offers 12 months capital-free monthly repayments, waiver of survey fees and reduction of administrative fees from 5% to 3%.²⁴

Zambia Home Loans (ZHL) has performed comparatively well, having a portfolio of 287 mortgages, and an average loan size of ZMW342 000 (US$14 264) for Kwacha mortgages, and US$60 000 for US dollar mortgages.²⁵ ZHL provides home loans in both Kwacha and US dollars to hedge against frequent foreign exchange fluctuations. ZHL’s interest rate on mortgages is 27.76% a year for ZMW mortgages and 15% a year for USD mortgages.²⁶ ZHL has had 827 mortgages valued at ZMW72 million (US$3 million) since its inception.²⁷

Banks such as Standard Chartered offer a maximum Loan-to-Value (LTV) ratio on a residential mortgage of 100%. This is followed by ZNBS offering 80% LTV and ZHL at 32% LTV. Legally, all residential mortgage providers must have foreclosure policies.

The Bank of Zambia reported 7 400 outstanding mortgages in the market with a total value of ZMW10 billion (US$417.073 million).²⁸ The demand for mortgages has remained subdued due to high lending rates coupled with unfavourable terms on mortgages such as short-term tenors, as well as expensive raw materials due to the depreciation of the exchange rate.²⁹ Also, that personal loans make up 24.6% of non-performing loans (NPLs),³⁰ suggests over-indebtedness among households.

Mortgage refinancing is not well developed, with local institutions seeking mortgage guarantees from external companies. The ZHL is the only mortgage refinancing company in Zambia. There are no subsidies tied to housing and mortgages, as capital subsidies on the supply side of mortgage lending do not exist in Zambia.

A standard high-value house costs between ZMW1.85 million (US$77 159) and ZMW1.95 million (US$81 329)³¹ while a standard middle-value house costs between ZMW500 000 (US$20 854) and ZMW600 000 (US$25 024). A lowcost house has a value between ZMW61 300 (US$2 557) and ZMW100 000 (US$4 171) while low income rural households have houses that cost ZMK24 900 (USS$1 039). The size of the cheapest newly built house by formal developers ranges between 288m2 and 540m2 while rentals for the cheapest newly built house by a formal developer range between ZMW1 500 (US$63) and ZMW2 500 (US$104).³²

Average monthly income ranges between ZMW1 000 (US$42) and ZMW3 000 (US$125) while the average cost of living for a family of five stands at ZMW6 637 (US$277).³³ In the formal sector, a teacher with a monthly net pay of ZMW5 073 (US$212) and a policeman with a basic salary of ZMW4 000 (US$167), spend nearly 50% of their income on housing.³⁴ Nearly 80% of Zambia’s population are in the low income bracket,³⁵ which is compounded by high unemployment rates. Among women the figure is 13.8%, for men 12.3%, and for youth 17.1%.³⁶ Almost 90% (85.56%) of the population is employed in the informal economy.³⁷ The cost of housing excludes many from home ownership or accessing formal mortgages.

ZHL offers residential construction and land development financing and has built over 700 homes since its inception in 2014. Applicants must earn more than ZMW6 600 (US$275) a month, own a stand with a title, and demonstrate a steady monthly income. For a minimum loan amount of ZMW50 000 (US$2 085) over a 20-year loan period, the estimated monthly instalment on a construction loan would be ZMW1 135 (US$47).³⁸ Absa Zambia offers a minimum mortgage loan of ZMW80 000 (US$3 336) in Lusaka (K50 000 in other towns) based on income with a deposit of 20% and interest rate of 19% over 12 to 240 month repayment. The monthly mortgage repayment translates to ZMW1 037 (US$43).³⁹

The Ministry of Infrastructure, Housing, and Urban Development (MIHUD) estimates the national housing deficit to be between 1.5 million to 2 million units which, if nothing is done, is estimated to reach 3.3 million units by 2030.⁴⁰ This shortfall is against an existing housing stock of 2.5 million. Housing production remains low: 38 000 housing units are produced each year, which falls short of the target of 222 000 units a year outlined in the National Housing Policy.⁴¹ Between 2017 to 2019, the government built only 3 152 low and medium-cost houses. ⁴² If the targets of 222 000 housing units are met, the housing deficit is expected to reduce from 1 539 000 to 1 378 000 at an average construction cost of ZMW565 250 (USS$23 575) for each housing unit by 2030.⁴³

However, the government has committed little funding for affordable housing. Less than 1.5% of the national budget has been allocated, around ZMW2.5 billion (US$104.268 million), against a projected need of ZMW91 billion (US$3.795 billion). Government real estate and housing finance has increased by 29%, with 53% allocated to social housing. About 17% has been allocated to rural and urban housing and 3% has been assigned for settlement improvements.⁴⁴

About 55% to 70% of urban dwellers live in informal unplanned settlements, i.e. slums, with inadequate basic services and health facilities.⁴⁵ The cost of building materials is a key a factor considering the large amounts of cement, concrete blocks, and galvanised iron (GI) sheets for roofing needed in housing construction. Building construction materials have soared. A 50kg bag of cement costs between ZWM132 (US$5) and ZWM142 (US$6)⁴⁶ while 762mm profiled steel sheets cost ZMW62/m2 (US$2).⁴⁷ The average price of roofing tiles is ZMW240 (US$10)⁴⁸ while a box of 12 pieces of 1.92m2 ceramic tiles cost ZMW275 (US$11).⁴⁹ The total construction costs for a standard medium-value three-bedroom house (540m2) is ZMW131 000 (US$5 464) or ZMW242/m2 (US$10/m2).

The total construction labour cost of the cheapest newly built house is ZMW23 580 (US$995).⁵⁰ This includes the average cost of land of ZMW14 600 (US$609) for four local authorities.⁵¹ Plot premiums for medium-cost areas range between ZMW3 500 (US$146) in a small urban centre to ZWM25 000 (US$1 043) in a large city. Plot premiums for high-cost areas range between ZMW85 000 (US$3 545) in a small town to ZMW53 000 (US$2 210) in large towns. Zambians are accessing more customary land in peri-urban areas for housing as it is deemed to be cheaper. Customary land varies from ZMW10 000 (US$417) to ZMW25 000 (US$1 043) an acre.⁵²

MIHUD is using public private partnership models to reduce the housing deficit. The Emerald Hills Estate is one example, which is further covered in the casestudy.⁵³ Stanbic Bank Zambia,the Zambia Homeless and Poor Peoples Federation (ZHPPF) and People’s Process on Housing in Poverty in Zambia (PPHPZ) have partnered with MIHUD to deliver 67 low-cost houses in Kasupe, Lusaka. PPHPZ signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the Zambia Institute of Architects to design low-cost housing that builds climate adaptation capacity at a community level.⁵⁴ MIHUD has partnered with Habitat for Humanity Zambia to deliver environmentally-friendly and adequate housing for vulnerable groups in informal settlements. Renewable energy is gaining significance and is vital for sustainable electricity supply as climate change causes more droughts. Investments in renewables could make the cost of utilities much more affordable, which in turn could assist in making housing more affordable.

Housing Cooperatives are using cost-effective and innovative construction techniques such as stabilised soil blocks to build low-cost quality housing. Community-driven initiatives such as the Chadiza and Lumwana housing projects, where the average cost of a house is ZMW154 000 (US$6 423) not only have potential for scaling up to the rest of the country but can also help to reduce the projected housing finance need from ZMW91 billion (US$3.795 billion) to ZMW24 billion (US$1 billion).⁵⁵

The high cost of land, which can be as much as ZMW72 000 (US$3 002) for 400m2, is prohibitive and so Rent to Own Zambia (RTO) offers a good option for owning a house.⁵⁶ The Zambia Union of Government and Allied Workers and Collins Mutual have signed an MoU to provide 40 000 affordable housing units for civil servants on an RTO basis over the next decade at a total investment of ZMW23 billion (US$959.27 million).⁵⁷ Monthly rentals are expected to be spread over a defined period and will go towards home ownership. The project will also create thousands of jobs in the housing construction value chain.

The formal property market is stable, with the construction industry expected to expand. The residential construction subsector is significant and is mainly driven by formal private sector developers who cater for middle to high income groups. Informal developers cater for low income groups, mainly in peri-urban areas. Much of the property market is made up of incremental housing led by individual households seeking homeownership. Large-scale public housing development schemes are few and mainly target civil servants’ housing needs. The government, through the ZNBS, is working to build affordable housing focused on civil servants in all the districts.⁵⁸

Rental housing dominates the property market as most Zambians cannot afford to buy or build their own houses. House prices and rentals have fluctuated, depending on the performance of the economy but have stabilised following price increases during the Covid-19 pandemic. A recent survey of rental prices found that a one-bedroom apartment in Lusaka’s city centre typically costs ZMW4 900 (US$204), while a three-bedroom costs up to ZMW12 730 (US$531).⁵⁹ Outside of the city, a one-bedroom costs ZMW3 580 (US$149) and a three-bedroom costs ZMW8 200 (US$342).⁶⁰ On the whole, rental market prices were found to vary with location and proximity to service centres.

A major factor influencing the residential property market is the availability of land for development. Approximately 90% of land in Zambia is under customary ownership, which implies inadequate security of tenure as traditional land must first be converted to state land for titling purposes. The whole process of customary land acquisition and registration can take from six months to a year. The council must then survey the land, present it to a full council meeting before submission to the Ministry of Lands for the titling process. A major barrier for both local and foreign investors in the property market is the inability of local authorities and central government authorities to provide bulk infrastructure such as access roads, sewerage systems, waste management, and electricity. This disincentivises investment in affordable housing.⁶¹

The Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR) has about 600 000 registered properties which, in the urban centres, are rated for property taxes. Of the registered properties, 179 000 are on title, 156 000 are on offer, while 52 000 are at lease stage and the rest are at application stage. The total number of records is between 6% and 8% of all occupied properties in Zambia. Leasing of land in Zambia is clear with 99-year leases issued for surveyed land; 30-year land occupancy licences in peri-urban areas; a 14-year interim lease based on a sketch pending registered boundary survey; and the 10-year renewable land record card.⁶² The Land Survey Amendment Act (2021) has enabled the MLNR to capture 300 000 properties in digital form, which will enable issuing of title deeds.⁶³

Zambia has an adequate legal, policy, and regulatory framework that promotes sustainable housing development. Government has developed the National Housing Policy (NHP: 2020-2024)⁶⁴ with the theme “affordable and decent housing for all” as the main policy framework for transforming the housing sector through eight policy objectives and measures. Capacity constraints and low national budget allocations of around 1.5% have been the main barriers to implementation of the NHP. Non-compliance with the National Council for Construction (NCC), local authorities’ construction standards and building regulations particularly in peri-urban housing areas is a challenge.⁶⁵

Other relevant legislation and policies include the Urban and Regional Planning Act, Lands Act, Water Supply and Sanitation Act, Local Government Act, and the Lands and Deed Registry Act No. 39 (2021). The Deed Registry Act provides for electronic and digital signatures in land registration, and a Certificate of Title in electronic form. The main policies include the National Lands Policy (2021), National Urbanisation Policy, National Decentralisation Policy, and the National Gender Policy.⁶⁶

Government agencies assigned to deliver housing in Zambia include the Ministry of Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development (MIHUD:Urban Housing), the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (Rural Housing), and the National Housing Authority (NHA), which is mandated by the NHA Act (1970) to facilitate public housing development. The NHA can deliver affordable housing at scale and could make a considerable impact but is grossly under-funded. The Ministry of Green Economy and Environment (MGEE est. 2021) is promoting sustainable housing through green construction and investment initiatives in low carbon activities. The NCC is building capacity for the construction industry to deliver sustainable housing and infrastructure including promoting green construction technologies. ⁶⁷

Provision of affordable housing and mobilisation of housing finance remain untapped.The government, through the MIHUD, is promoting initiatives to enable the public, private, and civil society sectors to take part in affordable housing delivery. The MIHUD has included a plan in the 8th NDP to develop and operationalise Housing Master Plans for all districts in the country at an estimated cost of ZMW7 million (US$291 951). At a recently held National Housing Forum (NHF), the Bank of Zambia (BOZ), pledged to support affordable housing development by providing an enabling environment for housing finance.⁶⁸

The affordable residential housing market, particularly for low income households, is largely unexploited. Market potential is constrained by structural barriers such as a lack of security of land tenure, especially in the peri-urban areas where housing demand is high. Public private partnerships offer good opportunities to pool resources for affordable housing development. Partnership models between state and non-state actors are working well and could be strengthened to provide cheaper and greener housing solutions.

Steps have been taken to improve and streamline the land administration system (e.g. the European Union-funded Land Titling Programme) to unlock land for housing, especially in the peri-urban areas. Government’s ZMW25.8 million (US$1.076 million) Constituency Development Fund (CDF) is an opportunity for communities to improve basic housing services and their local economies.⁶⁹ Supply of housing finance data is an opportunity to determine effective demand, quantify housing needs and ascertain how housing affects livelihoods. The 2022 Census of Population and Housing data is a good source of housing data and gives insight into how service delivery can be improved. The BOZ has prepared guidelines for systematic collection of gender-disaggregated financial data, which facilitates in-depth housing finance analysis in Zambia.

The main repositories of housing finance data in Zambia are the Building Societies, commercial banks, Bank of Zambia (BOZ), and private organisations. The BOZ website (https://www.boz.gov.zm/) provides data on Financial and Non-Financial Banking Institutions including Microfinance Institutions (MFI) lending and interest rates.

Housing finance data is available at the Ministry of Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development, Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources and Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD). Housing census data is generated by the Zambia Statistical Agency which provides data on housing characteristics, conditions and household income. The University of Zambia, Copperbelt University, Policy and Monitoring Research Centre (PMRC) and Zambia Institute of Policy Analysis are sources of housing finance data.

The Financial Sector Deepening Zambia (FSDZ) programme has data on access to finance and financial inclusion. CAHF and HOFINET are external sources of housing finance data for Zambia. Housing finance data on vulnerable and low income groups is available at the Civic Forum on Housing and Habitat in Zambia (CFHHZ), Peoples Process on Housing and Poverty in Zambia (PPHPZ), Habitat for Humanity Zambia, and the Zambia Homeless Federation. Housing data is available at country level with UN Habitat, Slum Dwellers International and Shelter Afrique.

The government developed Sustainable Housing Guidelines in 2016 to “support the development of housing that addresses global climate change and local sustainable development priorities.”[1] The Zambia Green Building Association (ZGB) was established to support the development of sustainable construction technologies and oversee issues relating to green building governance and education[2]in Zambia’s property and constriction industry.[3] Green building practices are seen as a luxury undertaking. Few buildings structures have been green rated in Zambia and most housing projects are developed without any assessments.[4] The first EDGE certified building in Zambia is a Standard Chartered office building, which reduced energy usage by 50%, water by 55% and 34% less energy embodied in materials.[5] This demonstrates the possibility for sustainable buildings. In urban centres, only 50% of the population have access to safe drinking water[6] and 32% have access to basic sanitation services.[7] Approximately 44.5% of Zambia’s population has access to electricity.[8] Solar energy projects have been responsible for driving energy self-sufficient households in Zambia.[9] Development partners are seeking to significantly scale and accelerate renewable energy deployment in Zambia, through a ZMW256.8 million (US$15.5 million) funding initiative.[10]

[1] Republic of Zambia. (2016) Sustainable housing guidelines. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=103091  (Accessed 26 September 2022). Pg.1.

[2] Sichali, M., Muya, M. and Mwiya. B. (2020). A cross sectional study of utilization of green building rating tools by selected professionals in the Zambian Building Industry. Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=103091 (Accessed 25 September 2022).

[3] International Labour Organization. (2015). Government officials trained in green building practices and technologies. http://www.oit.org/africa/countries-covered/zambia/WCMS_373198/lang–en/index.htm (Accessed 26 September 2022).

[4] Ibid. Footnote 94.

[5] Engineering news. (2022). Novare builds Zambia’s first EDGE certified office building. 22 April 2022. Engineering News. https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/novare-builds-zambias-first-edge-certified-office-building-2022-04-22 (Accessed 25 September 2022).

[6]  World Bank. People using safely managed drinking water services, urban (% of urban population) – Zambia. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.SMDW.UR.ZS?locations=ZM (Accessed 26 September 2022).

[7] Ibid.

[8] World Bank. Zambia. https://data.worldbank.org/country/zambia (Accessed 20 September 2021).

[9] Inman, P. (2022). Lenders urged to cancel Zambia debt as country faces economic collapse. 16 September 2022. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/16/zambia-debt-lenders-urged-to-cancel (Accessed 25 September 2020.

[10] Smith, T. (2022). $15.5m investment into Zambia’s first renewable energy buyer. 4 May 2022. ESI Africa. https://www.esi-africa.com/renewable-energy/15-5m-investment-into-zambias-first-renewable-energy-buyer/ (Accessed 25 September 2022).

Association of Microfinance Institutions of Zambia http://amiz.co.zm/

Bank of Zambia https://www.boz.zm/

Horizon Properties https://thehorizonproperties.com/

Ministry of Finance and National Planning https://www.mofnp.gov.zm/

Ministry of Green Economy and Environment https://www.mgee.gov.zm/

Ministry of Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development https://www.mhid.gov.zm/

National Housing Authority https://real-estate-zambia.beforward.jp/

National Housing Empowerment Fund https://www.nhef.co.zm/

National Pensions Scheme Authority https://www.napsa.co.zm/

Policy Monitoring and Research Centre Zambia https://www.pmrczambia.com

Zambia National Building Society https://www.znbs.co.zm/

Zambia Statistics Agency https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/

Zambia Home Loans https://www.zambianhomeloans.com/

1. World Bank (2024).The World Bank in Zambia – Overview. 9 April 2024.
2. Habitat for Humanity. Country Profile. https://www.habitat.org/sites/default/files/documents/Zambia_FY23_final.pdf (Accessed 3 September 2024).
3. Zambia Statistical Agency (2022). 2022 Census of Population and Housing Preliminary Report. December 2022. https://tinyurl.com/5n8nj7cy (Accessed 10 July 2024). Pg. 7.
4. Ibid.
5. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015).World Urbanization Prospects -The 2014 Revision. Pg. 349.
6. World Bank Group (2024). Zambia. http://data.worldbank.org/country/zambia (Accessed 10 July 2024).
7. International Monetary Fund (2024). Zambia. https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ZMB (Accessed 12 August 2024).
8. Bank of Zambia (2024). Monetary Policy Committee Statement for the Fourth Quarter of 2023 – Governor’s Presentation to the Media. https://www.boz.zm/Governors_Media_Presentation_May_2024.pdf (Accessed 3 September 2024). Pg. 3-4.
9. Mitimingi,T. (2024). Zambian Inflation Hits 32-Month High as Food Prices Soar. 29 August 2024. Bloomberg News.
10. International Monetary Fund (2024). Zambia: IMF Executive Board Completes Third Review Under the Extended Credit Facility and Approves Augmentation of the Arrangement. Press Release No 24/242. 26 June 2024. https://tinyurl.com/5y8jp5ax (Accessed 30 August 2024).
11. Embassy of Sweden (2018). Poverty analysis Zambia 2018. January 2018. https://tinyurl.com/4rpwd3wc (Accessed 20 July 2024). Pg. 3.
12. Statista (2024). Zambia: Unemployment rate from 2004 to 2023.
    https://www.statista.com/statistics/809085/unemployment-rate-in-zambia/# (Accessed 12 August 2024).
13. Macrotrends (2024). Zambia Life Expectancy 1950 – 2024. https://www.macrotrends.net/globalmetrics/countries/ZMB/zambia/life-expectancy. (Accessed 20 August 2024).
14. Chimpala, S. (2015). Finscope 2015 Top Line findings on Zambia’s financial inclusion, mobile money included. 24 June 2015. Techtrends.
15. Bank of Zambia (2024). National Financial Inclusion Strategy II. March 2024. https://www.boz.zm/NFIS_II_2024_-_2028.pdf (Accessed 22 July 2024). Pg vi.
16. Lusaka Times (2022). Government intends to hit 80% digital inclusion next month. 24 November 2022. Lusaka Times.
17. Bank of Zambia (2024). Non-Bank Financial Institutions – 30 April 2024. https://www.boz.zm/Licensed_NBFIS_April_2024.pdf (Accessed 24 July 2024). Pg. 1-16.
18. International Monetary Fund (2022). Financial Access Survey. Updated 26 August 2024. https://data.imf.org/?sk=e5dcab7e-a5ca-4892-a6ea-598b5463a34c&sid=1460043522778 (Accessed 28 August 2024).
19. Ibid.
20. Habitat for Humanity (2023) Housing Ecosystem Analysis Report. Lusaka (Accessed 25 July 2024). Pg 21 – 22.
21. Interview with Mr. Felix Mukonde, Mortgages and Investments Unit, August 2023.
22. Ibid.
23. Zambia National Building Society (ZNBS), digital (SSID communication to customers). September 2023.
24. Interview with Mr. Felix Mukonde, Mortgages and Investments Unit, August 2023.
25. Interview with Mr. Mfwama, CEO Zambia Home Loans,August 2023.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Bank of Zambia.Annual Report 2023. https://boz.zm/Bank_of_Zambia_2023_Annual_Report.pdf (Accessed
    19 July 2024). Pg. 56.
29. Bank of Zambia (2024). Credit Conditions Survey Report. May 2024. https://www.boz.zm/CreditConditionsSurveyReportQ12024Final150524.pdf (Accessed 28 August 2024). Pg. 3.
30. Interview with Mr. Mfwama, CEO Zambia Home Loans, August 2023.
31. Horizon Properties (2023). https://thehorizonproperties.com/ (Accessed 25 July 2024).
32. Interview with Contractor 2023.
33. Lusaka Times (2023).Average income in Zambia estimated to be K1000 – K3000 – JCTR Satellite Home Survey report. 29 March 2023. Lusaka Times.
34. Interview with Mercy Masele, Zambian teacher, 22 July 2024.
35. Zambia Ministry of Development Planning and National Guidance Development Planning Division (1972). Zambia’s second national development plan, 1972-76: summary of objects and strategy of implementation.
36. Zambia Statistical Agency (2022). https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/ (Accessed 10 July 2024).
37. International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT explorer (2024).
38. Zambia Home Loans (2022). https://zambianhomeloans.com/loans/ (Accessed 24 July 2024).
39. Absa Bank Plc (2024). Personal Home Loans. https://www.absa.co.zm/personal/home-loan/ (Accessed 28 August 2024).
40. UN Habitat (2012). Zambia Urban Housing Sector Profile. https://tinyurl.com/2b7pe5te (Accessed 26 July 2024). Pg. 64 – 65
41. Ministry of Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development (2024). National Housing Policy Implementation
    Plan (2020-2024). https://tinyurl.com/35ju6e8r (Accessed 15 July 2024). Pg. 8 – 9.
42. Civic Forum on Housing and Habitat (CHHF) (2022). National Housing Forum. https://tinyurl.com/5cda7dyw (Accessed 20 July 2024).
43. Ministry of Finance and National Planning (2022). Eighth National Development Plan 2022 – 2026. August 2022 https://tinyurl.com/5ea4nnjh (Accessed 2 August 2024). Pg. 58.
44. National Assembly of Zambia (2023).The Estimates of Revenue and Expenditure (Output Based Budget) for the Year 1st January 2023 to 31st December 2023. 30 September 2022. Pg. 582.
45. Habitat for Humanity Zambia. 2023. Housing Ecosystem Analysis Report. (Accessed 29 July 2024). Pg. 28 – 30.
46. Field research, July 2024.
47. Interview with SHANJU Building Materials Suppliers 2023.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. Habitat for Humanity Zambia (2023). Housing Ecosystems Analysis Report. (Accessed 29 July 2024). Pg. 28 – 30.
51. Ibid.
52. 1 acre is equal to 70m x 70m.
53. African Panorama Investment Group Limited (2024). Emerald Hill. https://www.africapanoramazm.com/projects/emerald-hill/ (Accessed 20 August 2024).
54. Interview with People’s Process on Housing in Poverty in Zambia (PPHPZ), 2024.
55. See footnote 41. Pg. 8 – 9.
56. Ibid.
57. Daily Nation (2022). Game Changer. 5 January 2022. https://www.pressreader.com/zambia/daily-nationnewspaper/20220105/281633898582252 (Accessed 28 August 2024).
58. African Development Bank (2017). Project Summary Note – Zambia National Building Society. October 2017. https://tinyurl.com/2s4hjsum (Accessed 1 September 2024). Pgs. 1 – 2.
59. Field Survey, 2023.
60. Ibid.
61. Mulolwa,A. (2016). Land Governance Assessment Zambia Country Report. World Bank Africa. https://tinyurl.com/3n5mwfnp (Accessed 25 July 2024). Pg. 19.
62. Tembo, E., Minango, J., and Sommerville, M. (2015). Zambia’s National LandTitling Programme – challenges and opportunities. https://www.land-links.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Session-06-05-Tembo153_paper.pdf (Accessed 18 July 2024). Pg. 4.
63. Lusaka Times (2022). Over 300 thousand properties stored on digital – Surveyor General. 21 March 2022.
64. See footnote 41. Pg. 8 – 9.
65. NCC is a statutory body regulated by the NCC Act No.10 (2020)
66. See footnote 41. Pg. 22 – 25.
67. Ibid.
68. Ministry of Infrastructure Housing and Urban Development. National Housing Forum (NHF). July 2024. https://www.mihud.gov.zm/nhf/ (Accessed 4 August 2024).
69. Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (2022). https://www.pdu.gov.zm/cdf (Accessed 28 August 2024)